A. K. Yadav
Abstract
Day by day the energy consumption is very rapidly increasing. The world’s fossil fuel supply will be depleted in future. The rate of energy consumption is increasing the supply is depleted resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called the energy crisis. Alternate or renewable energy ...
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Day by day the energy consumption is very rapidly increasing. The world’s fossil fuel supply will be depleted in future. The rate of energy consumption is increasing the supply is depleted resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called the energy crisis. Alternate or renewable energy resources are very essential to develop for future energy requirement. Biodiesel is the best alternative to petro-diesel. The present research work deals with the production of biodiesel from Kusum oil. Kusum oil methyl ester (KOME) was produced using a two-stage esterification cum transesterification process on account of the high free fatty acid (FFA) contents of the oil. From the above study it may be concluded that Kusum oil is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production and may be the best alternative of petro-diesel The biodiesel property of Kusum oil methyl ester (KOME) has been characterized and it shows that KOME meets the properties of biodiesel as stated in ASTM/EN standards.
E. J. Eterigho; T. S. Farrow; D. O. Agbajelola; S. E. Ejejigbe; A. P. Harvey
Abstract
Biofuel, a renewable energy is mainly produced by transesterification of fatty acids either in presence of enzyme or catalysts. The transesterification relies on the use of either strong base or strong acid homogeneous catalysts for effective performance; but, homogeneous catalysts are associated with ...
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Biofuel, a renewable energy is mainly produced by transesterification of fatty acids either in presence of enzyme or catalysts. The transesterification relies on the use of either strong base or strong acid homogeneous catalysts for effective performance; but, homogeneous catalysts are associated with a variety of technical hurdles that limit their use for biodiesel production. Although there have been recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production via transesterification; the separation of methyl ester (FAMEs) from crude glycerol and alcohol recovery are still major hindrances. A possible alternative could be the use of solid acid catalysts in thermocatalytic cracking of triglycerides. Sulphated zirconia catalyst was evaluated for thermocatalytic cracking of triglycerides at a relatively low temperature (270oC) and atmospheric pressure. The catalyst was found to be active toward cracking vegetable oils to methyl esters. The catalyst at this temperature exhibited different selectivity towards formation of saturated and unsaturated methyl esters. The catalyst yield of methyl esters under these conditions was 58% while 80% of the product being unsaturated. This opens up the possibility of controlling the degree of saturation of the methyl ester product by catalyst choice, to produce more or less saturated fuels for different markets. The range of products from gases to middle distillates and the unique selectivity for saturated and unsaturated esters may be a significant process advantage of this form of catalytic cracking. An important long chain unsaturated alcohol (1- Heptatriacotanol) was also identified. The unsaturated alcohol is known as an industrial chemical.
R. R. Honkalas; H. B. Kulkarni; P. R. Kubade
Abstract
Rapid development of the global economy demands huge amount of Energy. Transportation sector contributes major part of economy development. Fossil fuels like Petrol and Diesel are used for transportation and heavy duty vehicles. Higher rate of consumption of these naturally available fuels leads to its ...
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Rapid development of the global economy demands huge amount of Energy. Transportation sector contributes major part of economy development. Fossil fuels like Petrol and Diesel are used for transportation and heavy duty vehicles. Higher rate of consumption of these naturally available fuels leads to its depletion and deterioration of environment. To solve such issue many researchers are interested in identifying and using alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is renewable fuel and can be used as alternative fuel for Diesel engines. In present work Canola oil based Biodiesel (COB) is blended in Diesel with different concentration like B20, B40 and B60. Engine input variables like compression ratio (13:1, 15:1, 17:1) and load (4, 8,12kg) are considered to optimize the results. The Performance of Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Diesel Engine is evaluated using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance is conducted to recognise the significance of input variables on Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake power Specific Fuel Consumption. Results of optimization showed that load is the most crucial factor which affects the engine performance i.e. Increase in load decrease the Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Power and increases the Specific Fuel Consumption.
S. Hasan; J. A. Usmani; M. Islam
Abstract
This study used a simulate based approach for calculating building energy consumption using monitoring data. This calibration was carried out on a building situated in Gurgaon, Delhi. Software used for dynamic simulation was E-Quest 3.65. The objective function was set to minimize the difference between ...
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This study used a simulate based approach for calculating building energy consumption using monitoring data. This calibration was carried out on a building situated in Gurgaon, Delhi. Software used for dynamic simulation was E-Quest 3.65. The objective function was set to minimize the difference between calculated data and simulated data. The evaluation of the model accuracy, the mean bias error (MBE) and the Coefficient of Variation (Cv RMSE) were calculated. Through this paper show the real behavior of people in a building simulation, there may be differences up to 30% [1]. This paper shows the possibility of energy, money and time saving. The schedule of simulated building is same as per actual building.
Environment
M. Bisong Obi; A. Abubakar; S. Yunusa; F. Mohammed
Abstract
This work investigated the optimization of process parameters for catalytic pyrolysis of waste tyre using reactivated spent Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. The waste tyre pyrolysis used design expert software as the optimization tool for this study. A 3-factor level CCD with 20 experimental ...
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This work investigated the optimization of process parameters for catalytic pyrolysis of waste tyre using reactivated spent Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. The waste tyre pyrolysis used design expert software as the optimization tool for this study. A 3-factor level CCD with 20 experimental runs was used with temperature, time and catalyst as the input parameters while oil yield, density and viscosity were the output variables. Thereafter, an experimental validation of the optimized parameters, which were not among the original experimental runs, was carried out. Pyrolysis was also carried out at the optimized conditions with un-reactivated catalyst and without catalyst to ascertain the contributions of the catalyst and its reactivation. Based on the optimum parameters, 48.5 wt. % oil (0.79 g/ml and 2.05 cSt) was produced with the reactivated catalyst, 43.4 wt. % (0.86 g/ml and 3.52 cSt) was produced with spent catalyst, and 51 wt. % oil (0.95 g/ml and 4.24 cSt) was produced without catalyst. The oil yield without catalyst was higher than with reactivated catalyst (R-CAT); but it however had the lowest fuel qualities while oil produced with catalyst in turn had higher quantity and quality compared to oil produced with catalyst. Therefore, the incorporation of density and viscosity of the oil in the optimization of the catalytic pyrolysis of waste tyre enhanced the improvement of yield and quality of the oil produced.
A. D. Mahmud; A. Hamza; A. Zubair; B. Mukhtar
Abstract
ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite was applied for photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene in fresh and saline waters under visible light irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of naphthalene, ZnO-ZnFe2O4 dosage and salinity on photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene were investigated using the central ...
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ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite was applied for photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene in fresh and saline waters under visible light irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of naphthalene, ZnO-ZnFe2O4 dosage and salinity on photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene were investigated using the central composite design. Statistically significant model quadratic equation was developed for photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene using ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite. The most significant parameter in the photocatalytic degradation is the ZnO-ZnFe2O4 dosage followed by the initial concentration of naphthalene and then salinity. The highest photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene was achieved at salinity of zero (that is in fresh water). The predicted optimum conditions for photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene using the ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite are: initial naphthalene concentration of 16.8 mg/l, ZnO-ZnFe2O4 dosage of 0.50 g/l, and salinity of 0 ppt. The model quadratic equation was validated by performing experiments under the predicted optimum values. The experimental and the predicted values of naphthalene degradation under the predicted optimum values are 99.04 % and 98.8 %. Hence, the developed quadratic model is reliable for predicting photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene using ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite.
M. Firoozzadeh; A. Shiravi; M. Shafiee
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) power plant is one of the most important renewable power generation methods, which is rapidly developing. One of the weak points of PV power plants is the negative effects of increasing the cells temperature on their power generation. In this study, a simple and low cost method is proposed ...
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Photovoltaic (PV) power plant is one of the most important renewable power generation methods, which is rapidly developing. One of the weak points of PV power plants is the negative effects of increasing the cells temperature on their power generation. In this study, a simple and low cost method is proposed to reduce the temperature of these panels. The use of fins has been proven in many industrial applications and here it is used as coolant of PV panel. This experiment was performed in maximum operating temperature of photovoltaic modules which is known as 85°C. By using numbers of aluminum fins on the back surface of photovoltaic panels under two different irradiation, the temperature reduction up to 7.4 °C was observed, and this reduction leads to 2.72 % increasing in efficiency. Finally, an economical assessment of the offered cases based on output power of PV panels carried out, which shows a suitable economic justifiability.
Y. Jani; K. Pehme; A. Bucinskas; J. Burlakovs; W. Hogland
Abstract
Mining landfills and open dumpsites is associated with (40-70% by mass) fine fraction of particle sizes less than 20 or 10 mm. Soil and trace elements of considerable concentrations typically dominate the composition of this fraction. In the present paper, a modified three steps sequential extraction ...
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Mining landfills and open dumpsites is associated with (40-70% by mass) fine fraction of particle sizes less than 20 or 10 mm. Soil and trace elements of considerable concentrations typically dominate the composition of this fraction. In the present paper, a modified three steps sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cu, Zn and Cr in the fine fraction of waste sampled from Högbytorp (Sweden) and Torma (Estonia) landfills. The results showed that the major concentrations of Cu (98.8 and 98.6 wt%) and Cr (98.5% and 98.4 wt %) in fines from Högbytorp and Torma landfills, respectively. These data were found associated to the residual fraction. Noticeable concentrations of Cu and Cr were also found associated within the water -soluble fraction, which could be regarded as a potential risk. The Zn displayed different behavior by distributing in all the sequential extraction fractions in the fine fractions from the two landfills. Specifying the metals content using this method is essential to explore the valorization as well as the potential environmental risks by these fines fractions.
S. Jijai; G. Srisuwan; S. O-Thong; I. Norli; C. Siripatana
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of different types of wastewaters and sizes of granules. The granules (CS: from a cassava, SS: a seafood, and PS: a palm oil factory) and wastewaters initial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were 18,800, 4,200 ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) of different types of wastewaters and sizes of granules. The granules (CS: from a cassava, SS: a seafood, and PS: a palm oil factory) and wastewaters initial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were 18,800, 4,200 and 100,000 mg/l respectively). Modified Gompertz equation was used to compare the data from the experiments. Wastewater from a cassava factory gave the highest BMP when used with only granules from its own source (CS). Wastewater from seafood factory had the highest nitrogen content thus, represented the most imbalance nutrient source. In this case, mix- granules (SS+CS) gave highest BMP. Palm oil mill effluent did not match COD: N ratio criterion and had too high COD level which caused substrate inhibition. Here the mix-granules (PS+CS) gave highest BMP. In general, the larger granule size and the nutrient balance could improve the efficiency and hence increase the biogas production rate. The initial COD or different substrate has a strong effect on BMP and the maximum specific methane rates whereas the different sizes of granule have an effect on the length of lag phase period. In most cases, it was sufficient to represent the experimental data with traditional modified Gompertz equation and Monod models.
S. N. Nnamchi; O. A. Nnamchi; E. O. Sangotayo; S. A. Ismael; O. K. Nkurunziza; V. Gabriel
Abstract
The design of a flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) is accomplished by multiple input multiple output (MIMO) design technique. The design variables (absorber, fluid and glass temperatures; length, width, height of the FPSC) were the unknown variables in the commensurate thermal balance equations based ...
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The design of a flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) is accomplished by multiple input multiple output (MIMO) design technique. The design variables (absorber, fluid and glass temperatures; length, width, height of the FPSC) were the unknown variables in the commensurate thermal balance equations based on; component, overall and yardstick thermal balance on the FPSC. Then, simulator matrices were setup comprising of coefficient and column matrices of design functions. The elements of the coefficient matrix were the partial derivatives of the design functions with respect to the design variables. Besides the convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients were function of the design variables. The initial values of the design variables (307K, 334.5K, 368K, 2 m, 1 m, and 0.045m, respectively) were set, at the seventh iteration, the output variables (306.9K, 339.15K, 368.1K, 2.01m, 1.005m, 0.04m, respectively) merged as the design functions ® 0 with insignificant change in the design variables. The output results were used to simulate FPSC, to track its responses to changes in the physical conditions, the stimulation revealed some constraints in the design of the FPSC, which is vital information for the overall optimization of the FPSC. The design yardsticks; the thermal efficiency (0.76) and the effectiveness (0.4) are quite pragmatic. This shows that MIMO technique to thermal system design is effective as convergence among the design variables was sought. Moreover, MIMO considered all thermal losses instead of basing the yardsticks on top loss overall transfer coefficient alone; thus, neglecting sidewalls and base losses. Moreover, the advent of connecting box prepares the preheating unit for high temperature drying (> 150 oC) on integration with a reheating unit.
K. Fahmida; I. M. Rafizul
Abstract
The principle objective of this study was to evaluate the soil quality and the level of contamination of soil by heavy metals adapting various developed index in a selected waste disposal site at Rajbandh, Khulna, Bangladesh. To theses ...
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The principle objective of this study was to evaluate the soil quality and the level of contamination of soil by heavy metals adapting various developed index in a selected waste disposal site at Rajbandh, Khulna, Bangladesh. To theses endeavor, ten soil samples were collected from the selected locations and then the relevant elements of Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Sb, Sc and Hg were measured and monitored using standard method. To estimate the contamination situation of soil, contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were computed using geological background values. In addition, for assessing soil quality, Pearson's correlation coefficients analysis was also performed. Furthermore, this study revealed that the values of CF and Igeo in soils around the waste disposal area affected from the contamination of heavy metals mostly by Pb, Cd and Sb. In contrast, Pearson's correlation indicated that the sources of metals are almost the same and these heavy metals might be derived from the waste accumulation activity. Dump sites have great potential for energy extraction if the high valued compounds to be extracted.
H. Benbouhenni
Abstract
This work presents a novel direct active and reactive powers command (DARPC) scheme based on fuzzy super twisting algorithms (FSTAs) of an asynchronous generator (ASG) integrated into dual-rotor wind power (DRWP) systems. The DRWP has two sets of blades. So it is more efficient for collecting power from ...
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This work presents a novel direct active and reactive powers command (DARPC) scheme based on fuzzy super twisting algorithms (FSTAs) of an asynchronous generator (ASG) integrated into dual-rotor wind power (DRWP) systems. The DRWP has two sets of blades. So it is more efficient for collecting power from wind in comparison to a traditional wind turbine. The scientific works indicate that a DRWP could extract additional 20-30% power compared to a traditional wind turbine. The conventional DARPC control scheme using the conventional integral-proportional (PI) regulators (DARPC-PI) has considerable reactive and active power oscillations. In order to guarantee an effective DARPC technique for the ASG-based DRWP system and minimize these oscillations, FSTAs are used in this work. Both DARPC strategies are presented and simulated from two tests using Matlab software. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the designed DARPC control technique especially on the quality of the provided active and reactive power comparatively to the traditional DARPC control scheme with PI controllers.
Energy
S. A. Shourehdeli; K. Mobini; A. Asakereh
Abstract
A number of isentropic coefficients are used in the one-dimensional models which predict ejector performance at critical mode. Some of these coefficients have considerable effects on accuracy of the model. These coefficients depend on geometry, working fluid and operating conditions; but, they are usually ...
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A number of isentropic coefficients are used in the one-dimensional models which predict ejector performance at critical mode. Some of these coefficients have considerable effects on accuracy of the model. These coefficients depend on geometry, working fluid and operating conditions; but, they are usually taken constants or are presented as functions of geometry and working condition based on a specific experiment. In this work, the idea of using the flow parameters to determine these coefficients is introduced and has been analyzed. For this purpose, four models with different formulations are employed. The fluid has been considered as a real gas; hence, the models which are based on the ideal gas assumption are modified. The experimental data related to some ejectors with different geometries, working fluids and working conditions have been used. Using the empirical data, correlations between some of the isentropic coefficients and the flow parameters are developed for some models. Using these correlations, entrainment ratios are calculated with the maximum relative error of 35%, while in most cases the maximum relative error is about 10%. However, errors are acceptable since the empirical data are extracted from a vast range of different geometrical and operational conditions.
F. Chabane; E. Sekseff
Abstract
Our work an experimental study of a double-glazed solar air collector in the BISKRA site. The main objective of our work minimized thermal losses forward. The experimental model used is based on the addition of second glass and the increase in distance between the two panes. The study was carried out ...
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Our work an experimental study of a double-glazed solar air collector in the BISKRA site. The main objective of our work minimized thermal losses forward. The experimental model used is based on the addition of second glass and the increase in distance between the two panes. The study was carried out for the comparison between the average absorber temperature, glass and the outlet temperature and the efficiency for the single-pane and double-pane solar air collector with variable distance (1cm, 2cm and 3cm). Correspond to the three flow rates used. Experimental results show that the addition of second pane is effective in minimizing forward thermal losses for a solar air collector. The results obtained from the experimental readings show that the minimization of thermal losses forward is a very important factor for improving the performance of a solar collector. Experimental results show that the addition of second glazes is effective in minimizing forward thermal losses for a solar air collector.
M. R. Rahman; M. S. Hossain; S. Shehab Uddin; A. S. M. Ibrahim
Abstract
In this work, a dual-axis automated solar tracker is developed by using two linear motors, four light dependent resistors (LDRs) and two mono crystalline solar panels. The LDRs are placed on the rotating frame where the solar panels are placed to detect the position of the sun and the controller circuit ...
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In this work, a dual-axis automated solar tracker is developed by using two linear motors, four light dependent resistors (LDRs) and two mono crystalline solar panels. The LDRs are placed on the rotating frame where the solar panels are placed to detect the position of the sun and the controller circuit drives the motors to place the frame towards the sun. The controlling unit has been developed using PLC microcontroller. The motor driver circuit has been designed using a code to align the solar panels to a suitable position so that it is exposed to the maximum amount of solar irradiance. The driver circuit receives data from the LDRs and the microcontroller controls the motors to move the panel along its horizontal and vertical axis. To evaluate the performance of the solar tracker, output power of the solar tracker and an identical set of static solar panels set in an optimum fixed orientation are measured from the open-circuit voltage and the short circuit current for two consecutive days. The output power produced by the automatic solar tracker was consistently higher than that by the static solar panel. The energy gain due to using the automatic solar tracker is at highest in the morning and in the afternoon at almost 40%. The lowest value of energy gain is observed during noon at as low as 1%. The average increase in output throughout the day is 24.09%.
M. S. Hossain; A. Abedeen; M. R. Karim; M. Moniruzzaman; M. Juwel Hosen
Abstract
In this research, the effect of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was investigated in the thermal pyrolysis of catalysis of waste tires in Bangladesh. The tires of bus and trucks were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor and the derived pyrolysis gases were passed through a condenser. The main objective of this study ...
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In this research, the effect of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst was investigated in the thermal pyrolysis of catalysis of waste tires in Bangladesh. The tires of bus and trucks were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor and the derived pyrolysis gases were passed through a condenser. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ZSM-5 on the composition of pyrolytic waste tires oil. The influences of pyrolysis temperature, catalyst-tires (CT) ratio on the production of the derived products were also investigated. While the catalyst-tire (CT) ratio and the pyrolysis temperature were increased the production of char and oil increased but the production of gas was in decreasing trend. Moreover, the CHNS analysis revealed that the percentage of carbon increased from 86.81% to 88.60% and the percentage of sulfur decreased from 1.325% to 1.064% while the catalyst-tire ratio was increased from 0.1 to 0.15. It was noticed from the GC-MS data that the certain aromatic compounds were a high amount as the catalyst-tire ratio was increased gradually The presence of toluene and O-xylene in pyrolytic oil of waste tires increased significantly with a 0.15 CT ratio and this pyrolytic oil would be potentially used as chemical feedstock in different industries.
Water Resources Engineering
B. Oghati Bakhshayesh; F. Salmasi; S. Haji Azizi
Abstract
Underground water levels and pore water pressure can be increased as a result of heavy rainfall which can lead failure of earthen slopes. Retaining walls are the most well-known structures in order to increase earthen slope stability. In this study, the stability of earthen slopes is numerically simulated ...
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Underground water levels and pore water pressure can be increased as a result of heavy rainfall which can lead failure of earthen slopes. Retaining walls are the most well-known structures in order to increase earthen slope stability. In this study, the stability of earthen slopes is numerically simulated in critical hydrological situations. The simulations included pore pressure behind the retaining walls which lead to instability. Among the investigated parameters were: precipitation intensity, soil type, position and the diameter of drainage passages. Both horizontal and chimney drainages were simulated for the study. For fine-grained soils with intensive precipitation, using a single horizontal drainage passageway could not maintain sufficient stability for the retaining wall. Precipitation could have severe impact on stability in which increase of 5 to 15 mm/h would increase pore pressure from 7.09 kN to 75.39 kN which is so dramatic change. For coarse-grained soils, a retaining wall provides stability with a single horizontal drainage pipe; the horizontal pipe is able to discharge all the excess water behind the retaining wall. A chimney drainage system provided the best results, and the stability of the retaining wall did not endanger, even under the worst circumstances. Linear and non-linear regression relations were produced in dimensionless form which are providing 0.97 for R2 and 0.11 for RMSE values which implys the accurcy of equations. The accuracy of the regression determine their usage in practical applications.
M. Anbia; A. Sedighi; S. Salehi
Abstract
In this study nano structured zeolite 13X as adsorbent for methane gas was used. Ni and Al ions were used to modify the pores of the zeolite and the methane gas adsorption capacity was measured at room temperature and pressure between 1 to 12 bars. The textural properties and structure order of the zeolite were ...
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In this study nano structured zeolite 13X as adsorbent for methane gas was used. Ni and Al ions were used to modify the pores of the zeolite and the methane gas adsorption capacity was measured at room temperature and pressure between 1 to 12 bars. The textural properties and structure order of the zeolite were studied by XRD and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) technique was used to determine the amounts of metals loaded on the zeolite.
P. Sharma; S. Y. Kumar; A. Shukla
Abstract
Due to globalization, privatization and liberalization; sugar industry has to face the domestic as well as international competition. Thus, for survival of the industry, cost effectiveness and economics of by-products become very vital. The aim of this work is to assess the potential, in the short term, ...
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Due to globalization, privatization and liberalization; sugar industry has to face the domestic as well as international competition. Thus, for survival of the industry, cost effectiveness and economics of by-products become very vital. The aim of this work is to assess the potential, in the short term, for fuel ethanol production by using intermediate molasses in a sugar plant in central India. The by-product plant can support the existing plant to improve the general economy, financial viability, economic status of sugarcane growers and workers by way of paying higher prices for sugarcane crop and also create more employment opportunities in the rural areas by setting up industries based on sugarcane by-products. For assessing the amount of Ethanol production an experimental study has been carried out which find out the amount of ethanol production via fermentation process of molasses sample acquired from the plant. It gives more fine results as the quality of sugarcane changes from place to place.
M. Nur-E-Alam; N. Akter; S. Chakma; K. Fatema; A. K. Azad; M. Jaman Chowdhury; M. Abu Sayid Mia
Abstract
Keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in feathers, hair, wool and nails. Bioremediation of these waste materials is an issue requiring serious attention regarding environmental concern. In the present research work keratin protein is extracted from poultry chicken feather which ...
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Keratin is a highly specialized fibrous protein, which is found in feathers, hair, wool and nails. Bioremediation of these waste materials is an issue requiring serious attention regarding environmental concern. In the present research work keratin protein is extracted from poultry chicken feather which is now treated as valueless product of poultry processing plants. Although it contains high keratin protein content, this byproduct is dumped continuously into the environment without further treatment. Millions of tons of chicken feathers are produced every year from poultry industry of Bangladesh which disposed off into environment without any industrial treatment. This protein rich valuable byproduct can be recycled and utilized effectively which has great economic and ecological importance. In this study, alkali-enzymatic hydrolysis was done for the extraction of keratin protein from feather. Desired result was found in reflux condensation system which yielded 76.2% protein hydrolysate compared to conventional hot plate hydrolysis which was yielded 52.63%. Detection and concentration of protein were determined by Biuret and Kjeldahl methods respectively.
Energy
N. Mirrashid; S. M. Rakhtala
Abstract
In this paper, a feasibility study is conducted on a photovoltaic-low-speed wind turbine-battery zero-energy building for a 175 m2 residential house in Gorgan. First, the climatological data of Gorgan City related to the amount of solar radiation and wind speed for the past 50 years have been extracted ...
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In this paper, a feasibility study is conducted on a photovoltaic-low-speed wind turbine-battery zero-energy building for a 175 m2 residential house in Gorgan. First, the climatological data of Gorgan City related to the amount of solar radiation and wind speed for the past 50 years have been extracted and then they are analyzed annually, monthly, and hourly using Climate Consultant software to check how Renewable resources can be used to produce clean energy. To determine the number of devices required, the annual energy requirement of the residential unit should be estimated. For this purpose, the power and energy consumption of the residential unit has been estimated based on its consumption data in the last year and analyzed using RETScreen1 software. The designed zero energy system has energy exchange with the grid and sends excess energy to it. The results of climate data analysis show that there is a possibility of wind and solar energy efficiency in this region. Although the price of energy in the region is low, due to economic efficiency, the lack of non-renewable energy resources, and the need to replace these resources, the use of wind turbines and solar panels to supply the required electrical energy is necessary.
J. O. Ighalo; A. A. Adelodun; A. G. Adeniyi; C. A. Igwegbe
Abstract
Statistical modelling was employed to analyze the effect of sorbate-sorbent interphase on the adsorption of pesticides and herbicides from aqueous media. The dataset used for this study was sourced from relevant and reputable published papers in the past five years. Sixty-six lines of data were analyzed ...
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Statistical modelling was employed to analyze the effect of sorbate-sorbent interphase on the adsorption of pesticides and herbicides from aqueous media. The dataset used for this study was sourced from relevant and reputable published papers in the past five years. Sixty-six lines of data were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) and historical data design (HDD) on Design expert. Five parameters were considered in the study: adsorbate’s relative molecular mass (RMM), adsorbent specific surface area (SBET), adsorbent effective surface area eSBET (i.e., the portion of the SBET occupied by the sorbate molecules), the water solubility of adsorbate, and adsorbate preferential adsorption (i.e., the ratio of the amount of sorbate on the sorbent to the amount in solution). From the analysis of variance, it was observed that the SBET of the adsorbent was the most significant determining for the adsorption capacity, q (at a significance level of p <0.05). Other significant factors were the RMM, eSBET, and the preferential adsorption. Generally, solubility did not show any significant influence on the q. The response surface model had an R2 value of 0.9945 and an adjusted R2 value of 0.9927. Conclusively, the q of an adsorbent towards an herbicide or a pesticide increases with increasing eSBET and SBET, irrespective of the sorbate’s solubility and molecular mass.
A. Harlina; M. N. Nur Nazmi Liyana; H. B. Nurul Syuhada; I. Norli
Abstract
Rice field is one of the agriculture areas in Malaysia that is exposed to the usage of pesticide before the paddy planting phase, during vegetative phase and the post- harvesting phase. The study was to determine the water quality and also degradation of isoprothiolane in paddy field water samples. Isoprothiolane ...
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Rice field is one of the agriculture areas in Malaysia that is exposed to the usage of pesticide before the paddy planting phase, during vegetative phase and the post- harvesting phase. The study was to determine the water quality and also degradation of isoprothiolane in paddy field water samples. Isoprothiolane is one of the fungicides that is used during the vegetative phase to kill the fungi on the paddies. This study of isoprothiolane degradation in water samples was conducted in four different conditions, namely autoclaved water sample exposed to sunlight, autoclaved water sample kept in dark, non-autoclave water sample exposed to sunlight and non-autoclaved water sample kept in dark via laboratory batch experiment in a course of 30 days. The extraction and determination of the isoprothiolane in the water samples were done by solid phase extraction method (SPE) and analyzed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The study revealed that isoprothiolane degraded very slowly in all four conditions within 30 days of observation, and the degradation rates ranged from 0.0003 to 0.0037 day-1. The study also proved that the residue of isoprothiolane remained at least a month after its application.
J. S. Ventura; E. C. Escobar; D. Jahng
Abstract
Macroalgae are a promising option because they can be propagated easily along the seaside thus eliminating the need for land and nutrient resources. Hence, different macroalgae were assessed for their potential in butanol fermentation. In this study, four species of brown macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida, ...
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Macroalgae are a promising option because they can be propagated easily along the seaside thus eliminating the need for land and nutrient resources. Hence, different macroalgae were assessed for their potential in butanol fermentation. In this study, four species of brown macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia stolonifera, Hizikia fusiforme, and Sargassum fulvellum) and two species of red macroalgae (Porphyra tenera and Gelidium amansii) were investigated for the production of butanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. To hydrolyze the polymeric materials of the algal biomass, dilute acid hydrolysis was carried out using 0.15 M H2SO4 followed by thermal pretreatment at 121°C for 1 h. Using 100 g/L of hydrolyzed brown alga, the highest butanol production (5.51 g/L) was observed for L. japonica. Other brown and red macroalgae did not exceed the butanol production by L. japonica. Moreover, the detoxification of the thermo-chemically pretreated hydrolysate of L. japonica using the activated carbon and overliming method, increased the butanol production by 24.14 and 12.16%, respectively. These results showed that macroalgae could be a promising substrate for butanol fermentation that is cheap, easily propagated, and non-terrestrial and non-food competing.
M.M. Mohammadi; M. Rahimnejad; G. Najafpour
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2010