K. Ganesh Babu; A. Veeresh Babu; K. Madhu Murthy
Abstract
The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, ...
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The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, inedible feed stocks causes food versus fuel and greenhouse-gas emissions' problem. It is observed that yields of edible, inedible oils and animal fats are very less compared to third-generation feedstock like Algae: It is one of the fastest growing organisms. It is environmentally friendly because it captures Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment to grow. According to the Indian scenario, this is the right time to fix attention on algae biodiesel, to meet the fossil-fuel demand. The higher heating value of biodiesel is slightly lesser than that of diesel, but higher than coal. Biodiesel combusts same like diesel fuel, concerns regulate emissions, and doubtlessly better efficiency than diesel fuel. Algae biodiesel has good physicochemical properties than others. This paper reviews the comparison of yield, fatty acid composition of oil, presently available methods to convert algae into biodiesel and its effect on Direct and Indirect injection diesel engines. Literature reveals that a reduction in exhaust emissions with slight compromise in performances are possible with the usage algae as a biodiesel.
J. S. Ventura; E. C. Escobar; D. Jahng
Abstract
Macroalgae are a promising option because they can be propagated easily along the seaside thus eliminating the need for land and nutrient resources. Hence, different macroalgae were assessed for their potential in butanol fermentation. In this study, four species of brown macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida, ...
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Macroalgae are a promising option because they can be propagated easily along the seaside thus eliminating the need for land and nutrient resources. Hence, different macroalgae were assessed for their potential in butanol fermentation. In this study, four species of brown macroalgae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Ecklonia stolonifera, Hizikia fusiforme, and Sargassum fulvellum) and two species of red macroalgae (Porphyra tenera and Gelidium amansii) were investigated for the production of butanol by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. To hydrolyze the polymeric materials of the algal biomass, dilute acid hydrolysis was carried out using 0.15 M H2SO4 followed by thermal pretreatment at 121°C for 1 h. Using 100 g/L of hydrolyzed brown alga, the highest butanol production (5.51 g/L) was observed for L. japonica. Other brown and red macroalgae did not exceed the butanol production by L. japonica. Moreover, the detoxification of the thermo-chemically pretreated hydrolysate of L. japonica using the activated carbon and overliming method, increased the butanol production by 24.14 and 12.16%, respectively. These results showed that macroalgae could be a promising substrate for butanol fermentation that is cheap, easily propagated, and non-terrestrial and non-food competing.
A. Dutta; S. M. Ullah
Abstract
In this research work, the performance parameters , such as fill factor (FF), external quantum efficiency (EQE) , maximum power density and carrier concentration profile of a planar hetero-junction poly 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT) / phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic cell has ...
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In this research work, the performance parameters , such as fill factor (FF), external quantum efficiency (EQE) , maximum power density and carrier concentration profile of a planar hetero-junction poly 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT) / phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic cell has been simulated for different values of carrier mobility where the simulation has been performed under the consideration of incident solar radiation of 1 kW/m2 irradiance, air mass of 1.5, ambient temperature of 300K and indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium (Al) has been considered as the anode and cathode of the P3HT/PCBM solar cell respectively. The performance parameters has been determined for electron mobility of 5 × 10-4 , 5 × 10-3 , 5 × 10-2 and 5 × 10-1 (cm2/V.s) at the acceptor and hole mobility of 1 × 10-4 , 1 × 10-3 , 1 × 10-2 and 1 × 10-1 (cm2/V.s) at the donor layer. Carrier concentration profile has been studied for 0.4 and 0.5 V junction voltage and for different values of carrier mobility. Finally highest external quantum efficiency of 2.413% and maximum power density of 24.13 W/m2 has been obtained for hole mobility of 1 × 10-1 (cm2/V.s) and electron mobility of 5 × 10-1 (cm2/V.s).
G. A. Ebong; E. A. Moses
Abstract
Roadside dusts from high traffic density areas in Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, Eket, Ibeno, Abak and Itu local government areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were analyzed for concentrations of total cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead. Optimized Bureau Community of Reference (BCR) speciation method ...
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Roadside dusts from high traffic density areas in Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, Eket, Ibeno, Abak and Itu local government areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were analyzed for concentrations of total cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead. Optimized Bureau Community of Reference (BCR) speciation method was used for determination of metals forms. Results indicated that, mean concentrations of Cd and Cu were higher while concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb were lower than their standards. Cd and Cr existed predominantly in acid extractable form, Cu and Zn in residual fraction while Ni and Pb mostly in reducible form. Cd and Pb were in the high risk class while Cu, Ni and Zn were within the low risk zone. Ibeno as the most contaminated area studied, closely followed by Uyo while Abak was the least contaminated area. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive association and common source for the metals evaluated in this study.
P. Chaithra; K. Hemashree; J. Ishwara Bhat
Abstract
Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from raw cocoa pod (RCP) by three activation methods; physical (CPC), chemical (Z CPC, zinc chloride) and microwave activation (MW-CPC). The synthesized AC was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), ...
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Activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from raw cocoa pod (RCP) by three activation methods; physical (CPC), chemical (Z CPC, zinc chloride) and microwave activation (MW-CPC). The synthesized AC was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic technique (FT-IR), thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), atomic absorption spectroscopic technique (AAS) and flame photometer instrument. The characterization data reveals that microwave activated carbon having good adsorbent character than physical and chemical activated carbon. Adsorption of malachite green on CPC, Z CPC and MW-CPC were studied at various experimental condition. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model holds good for the adsorption process. The mechanism of adsorption followed the second order kinetics. Thermodynamics of adsorption were studied. The amount of dye adsorbed onto activated carbons varies in the order MW-CPC (29.3632mg/g) > CPC (29.3537mg/g) > Z CPC (27.9905mg/g).
M. Naghizadeh; M. A. Taher; M. Behzadi; F. Hassani Moghaddam
Abstract
Magnetic silica nanoparticles modified by 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethylamino] propyl-trimethoxysilane (AAAPTS) and Salicylaldehyde were prepared and used as a new adsorbent for extraction and preconentration of copper ion through magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method. After adsorption, these ...
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Magnetic silica nanoparticles modified by 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino) ethylamino] propyl-trimethoxysilane (AAAPTS) and Salicylaldehyde were prepared and used as a new adsorbent for extraction and preconentration of copper ion through magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method. After adsorption, these ions were desorbed with nitric acid followed by the determination with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were used to characterize the adsorbent. The MSPE conditions were optimized.
M. Anbia; F. Rahimi
Abstract
The current study adsorption characteristics of platinum(IV) onto the ethylenediamine-modified magnetic cellulose nanoparticles (MCNGE) have been investigated. The prepared adsorbentwere characterized using Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy ...
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The current study adsorption characteristics of platinum(IV) onto the ethylenediamine-modified magnetic cellulose nanoparticles (MCNGE) have been investigated. The prepared adsorbentwere characterized using Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Optimization the experimental parameters namely Pt(IV) concentration (15-35 mg/l), temperature (34–50 °C), pH of solution (2–5), and particles dose (0.03-0.06 g) were performed using a means of central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluation the model, the main of the independent variables and their interactions for adsorption of Pt(IV) from aqueous solution. The results of the quadratic model indicated that the model was highly significant with F-value (F model = 55.09) and value of prob> F (<0.0001).The optimum adsorption conditions were determined as initial pH 2.5, temperature 46°C, adsorbent dosage 0.05 g and initial platinum(IV) ion concentration 22mg/l.The maximum capacity of MCNGE for Pt(IV) was found to be 19.45 mg/g. The magnetic cellulose nanoparticle is an environmental friendly product with low energy costs in adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous phase.
K. Sharma; S. Jain; U. Chandrawat
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel nano-structured photo catalyst Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 by Pechini method. Prepared catalyst is characterized using simultaneous thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultra Violet ...
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Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel nano-structured photo catalyst Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 by Pechini method. Prepared catalyst is characterized using simultaneous thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Ultra Violet Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The XRD pattern suggests that Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 crystallizes in the cubic structure. The formation of perovskite phase can be confirmed by the presence of metal-oxygen band in the FTIR spectrum. SEM image reveals the nano sized plate like structure of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 with particle size in the range of 10-45 nm. The band gap is calculated from the DRS and is found to be 1.8eV. The band gap and crystalline nature suggest that this material can be used as a photo catalyst. The photo catalytic activity of Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 is evaluated for degradation of Malachite Green dye under visible light irradiation. The results reveal that 0.75 gL-1 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 with initial concentration of Malachite Green 40 mgL-1 irradiated for 30 minutes shows the highest photo catalytic activity. According to Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, the photo catalytic degradation of Malachite green dye follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.
A. Hedayati; H. Rezaei; F. Darabitabar
Abstract
The aim of study was to investigate the toxicity effect of zinc at low concentration (10% LC50) and high doses (50%LC50) on roach (Rutilus caspicus). Roach with an average weight of 3.3 g and lengths of 4 cm were used in this work. Acclimatized fish were fed daily with a formulated feed.Caspian Roach ...
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The aim of study was to investigate the toxicity effect of zinc at low concentration (10% LC50) and high doses (50%LC50) on roach (Rutilus caspicus). Roach with an average weight of 3.3 g and lengths of 4 cm were used in this work. Acclimatized fish were fed daily with a formulated feed.Caspian Roach were exposed to a low concentration of 10% LC50 and high concentration of 50% LC50 ofzinc for a period of control (0), 24, 48 and 96h static toxicity examination, operated within the tank of 400L. In 10% LC50 concentration zinc (96h) immune parameters neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte are not shown significant change toward control group (P>0.05) and in 50% LC50 concentration zinc (96h), immune factors lym showed significant decrease toward control but neu factor significantly increase toward control group (P<0.05). Eosino and mono did not showed significant correlation with zinc exposure (P> 0.05). In low and high concentrations of zinc, results showed zinc can cause changes in hematological, biochemical and immunological factors in Caspian roach; therefore, assessment of these indicators, could be useful to detect pollution of aquatic ecosystems.
A. Singh; P. Baredar
Abstract
In this paper sun situated photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, biomass gasifier generator set, battery reinforcement and force molding unit have mimicked and advanced for an instructive establishment, Energy Center, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal in the Indian condition of Madhya Pradesh. ...
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In this paper sun situated photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell, biomass gasifier generator set, battery reinforcement and force molding unit have mimicked and advanced for an instructive establishment, Energy Center, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal in the Indian condition of Madhya Pradesh. The zone of the study range on the aide arranged of 23° 12' N scope and 77°24'E longitude. In this structure, the key wellspring of force is sun based sunlight based photovoltaic framework and biomass gasifier generator set while fuel cell and batteries were used as fortification supply. Hybrid optimization model for electric renewable test system has been used to reproduce off the framework and it checks the particular and money related criteria of this cross breed vitality framework. The execution of each section of this structure is analyzed in conclusion. The sensitivity examination was performed to upgrade the blend system at different conditions. In a perspective of the entertainment result, it is found that the expense of vitality of a biomass gasifier generator set, sunlight based on PV and power device hybrid vitality framework was observed to be 15.064 Rs/kWh.
R. J. Jawad; M. H. Shah Ismail; S. I. Siajam
Abstract
This study was about the investigation of the removal of iron ions from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by using novel adsorbent which is Alginate–Mangrove Composite Beads Coated by Chitosan (AMCBCC). The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron ...
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This study was about the investigation of the removal of iron ions from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by using novel adsorbent which is Alginate–Mangrove Composite Beads Coated by Chitosan (AMCBCC). The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) to prove the successful coating by Chitosan and also to provide an evidence of iron ions were adsorbed on the surface of the beads. Batch studies were conducted by using different parameters, such as pH, dosage, contact time, and initial concentration. It was found that at pH value of 3, 300 g/L of AMCBCC concentration, and a contact time of 72 hours the maximum removal of iron ions was 92.7%. The isotherm equilibrium data were followed Freundlich isotherm model and the adsorption kinetic data were well fitted by the pseudo second order.