F. Mohammad Alinezhad
Abstract
Sunken garden is one of the elements of traditional Iranian architecture, formed with the attitude of conservation of environment and organizing a meaningful relationship with its surroundings. Many studies have been conducted to identify this element of traditional architecture and its functions, endorsing ...
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Sunken garden is one of the elements of traditional Iranian architecture, formed with the attitude of conservation of environment and organizing a meaningful relationship with its surroundings. Many studies have been conducted to identify this element of traditional architecture and its functions, endorsing its valuable and considerable properties in respect for nature, harmony with the aims of sustainable development and energy conservation. One of the most important functions of this elements is providing cooling needs for residents in the hot summer months of desert areas of Iran without the need of fossil fuels consuming. The current article, as a descriptive-analytic study, aimed at a more comprehensive knowledge of passive cooling in sunken garden. To reach this goal, passive cooling and its types and sunken garden were first introduced. Then, their relationship with natural elements and the role of each element in achieving passive cooling in sunken garden were evaluated. The results revealed that sunken garden has been linked with natural elements in a way which cools this underground space of traditional buildings of hot and dry climate of Iran through heat prevention, heat modulation and heat dissipation.
A. M. Mahmoud; S. M. Saafan; A. M. Attalla; H. Elgohary
Abstract
The photovoltaic (PV) Power generation is the best source of renewable energy due to advantages such as free fuel cost, cleanness, little maintenance, and causing no noise due to absence of moving parts. Egyptian government moves towards encourage consumers to generate electricity from PV array and issues ...
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The photovoltaic (PV) Power generation is the best source of renewable energy due to advantages such as free fuel cost, cleanness, little maintenance, and causing no noise due to absence of moving parts. Egyptian government moves towards encourage consumers to generate electricity from PV array and issues new electricity law that allow consumers to sell the surplus of the generated power of PV to utility. Partial shading is one of the obstacles of the propagation of the electricity generation by PV array. Partial shading may be occurs due to clouds, trees and neighbor building. This paper propose a new method for optimization of power of a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) array connected to grid under partial shading. This work provides a comparative literature review on methods to mitigate these effects and the drawbacks of this method. This paper represent the components of the interconnection between the rooftop PV array and the grid. The Maximum power point (MPP) achieved by perturb and observe technique which control the duty cycle of the buckboost converter. The proposed technique increased the output power of the PV and output efficiency during the partial shading condition.
J. Rosenlund; C. Legrand
Abstract
In the Algoland project, microalgae are used to clean water and air from industry. This is built on a long standing collaboration between research, industry and society. In this way Algoland supports the transition to a circular economy by turning pollution into biomass and potential products. This paper ...
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In the Algoland project, microalgae are used to clean water and air from industry. This is built on a long standing collaboration between research, industry and society. In this way Algoland supports the transition to a circular economy by turning pollution into biomass and potential products. This paper evaluates the potential for microalgae as an ecosystem service in industries from a circular economy perspective. The business model canvas was used in a workshop with stakeholders and researchers to discuss the challenges and opportunities for an industrial platform. Results showed that the established canvas model needs to be complemented by circular models; in order to be able to include ecosystem services. In this paper a circular canvas model is developed to be used in similar approaches.
Environment
A. Shola Rinde; A. Mustapha; A. Francis Olatunbosun
Abstract
Harmattan dust has been identified as a discrete mass of solid earth crust hanging in the air for an extended period of time. It has been noted that less studies have been conducted in Nigeria to determine the functional groups contained in harmattan dust. The goal of this study was to figure out what ...
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Harmattan dust has been identified as a discrete mass of solid earth crust hanging in the air for an extended period of time. It has been noted that less studies have been conducted in Nigeria to determine the functional groups contained in harmattan dust. The goal of this study was to figure out what functional groups and chemicals that were present in the dust. Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto (12°N, 13.8°E), Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero (12.3070°N, 4.4955°E), Federal University of Agriculture, Zuru (11.4058°N, 5.2400°E), and Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi (12.4601°N, 4.4955°E), were the selected stations used in this study. The suspended Harmattan dust samples were obtained in glass petri plates using a direct deposition approach. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the samples collected. The results show that eleven functional groups were present in the samples, including =CH-H, -CH3, N-H, C=C, =C-H, C-H, O-H, C-N, C=O, C-O-C, and -CH3. According to GC-MS, the component (2-methoxy ethyl) had the greatest quality value (Q-Value) of 83, area percentage corresponding to time rating (RT) of 13.647, and CAS 018173-63-2 in the dust samples. It is therefore recommended that the Federal Republic of Nigeria's government increase funding for the research centers so that researchers can study all cities in the country and better observe the functional group metals present in the harmattan dust.
Renewable Energy
I. V. Priya; S. V. A. R. Sastry; A. Sahoo
Abstract
Sustainable energy source and pollution free environment is the immediate requirement of developing countries. Waste cooking oils of five different origins were considered in the present work for biodiesel production. Attempt was made to study the effect of process variables on acid-catalyzed oil transesterification. ...
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Sustainable energy source and pollution free environment is the immediate requirement of developing countries. Waste cooking oils of five different origins were considered in the present work for biodiesel production. Attempt was made to study the effect of process variables on acid-catalyzed oil transesterification. The various parameters such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of alcohol, and free fatty acids were analyzed to determine the optimum condition for biodiesel production. Food grade coconut, mustard, olive, peanut and soybean waste cooking oils were used to produce biodiesel. Attempt was made to develop mathematical expressions by correlating different input parameters and yield of biodiesel obtained with all the five oil samples. The experimental yield was also compared with those obtained from developed correlations. Good agreement among experimental and theoretical values was observed which implies that this study maybe considered as a base line for the development of an optimum biodiesel production plant.
A. Hasheminezhad; S. J. Hashemi; R. Tabatabaie
Abstract
Today, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil due to its renewability, low cost of production and also low pollution become more popular. In this research, the factors affecting the production of biodiesel by trans-esterification method from waste cooking oil were evaluated. For this purpose, ...
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Today, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil due to its renewability, low cost of production and also low pollution become more popular. In this research, the factors affecting the production of biodiesel by trans-esterification method from waste cooking oil were evaluated. For this purpose, a batch reactor which equipped with a mechanical stirrer, was designed and constructed. Waste cooking oil as feedstock and methanol is used with 1:6 molar ratio in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to 1% by weight of waste cooking oil used. In order to optimize the production process, these three parameters including rate of stirring at 3 levels (450, 550 and 650 rpm), temperature at four levels (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and reaction time at 6 levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) were considered. The results indicated, more than 90% of ester conversion occurred in the first 30 minutes and biodiesel production increased and reached its maximum amount at stirring speed of 650 rpm and also the highest rate of esters conversion occurred at 60 ?. Thus, 60 °C for reaction temperature and 650 rpm for stirring speed at 30 min are optimum production condition in order to reach the most amount of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a batch stirred tank reactor.
M. N. Noorzalila; M. A. Nurul Asikin
Abstract
The increasing number of environmental pollution through carbon emission from combustion of fuels and the unstable fluctuation of global petroleum prices have alarmed a signal that a clean alternative energy is in urgent need. Through the past years, a lot of researches have been focusing in producing ...
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The increasing number of environmental pollution through carbon emission from combustion of fuels and the unstable fluctuation of global petroleum prices have alarmed a signal that a clean alternative energy is in urgent need. Through the past years, a lot of researches have been focusing in producing biodiesel which can be made from natural elements such as plants and recyclable materials, hence defined its renewable properties as biodegradable, sustainable and non-toxic fuel. The focuses have been varied from the variable of feedstock used, development of catalysts and different kind of methodologies for the production of biodiesel. In this study, the feasibility of biodiesel to be synthesized from a low cost feedstock which is coconut waste has been investigated. The abundance of coconut waste readily obtained from the market, restaurants and hotels were converted to a value-added fuel through an in-situ transesterification. It is found that at ratio of 12.5:1 of methanol to solid coconut waste, with reaction time of 6 hours and 5wt% of catalyst could obtain up to 90% of biodiesel content. This investigation concludes that coconut waste has the potential to be further used for synthesis of biodiesel through in-situ transesterification reaction.
A. G. Adeniyi; D. V. Onifade; J. O. Ighalo; S. A. Abdulkareem; M. K. Amosa
Abstract
Plantain stalks obtained from solid waste stream of Ganmo market in Ilorin was used in this study. Natural fibres extraction from waste plantain stalk was achieved using biological retting methods. The natural fibre was rented from the waste stalk after 24 days of soaking in water. The extracted fibres ...
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Plantain stalks obtained from solid waste stream of Ganmo market in Ilorin was used in this study. Natural fibres extraction from waste plantain stalk was achieved using biological retting methods. The natural fibre was rented from the waste stalk after 24 days of soaking in water. The extracted fibres were exposed to 2, 4 and 6% alkali solution (NaOH) treatment for two hours, washed and dried in the oven for 7 hours. Elemental analysis of raw plantain fibres showed the presence of elements like Indium, Potassium, Silicon and Calcium among others. Tensile strength analysis of the fibres, for single fibre strands showed that the 2% treated fibre showed distinctly promising potential with the highest tensile characteristics of young modulus, stress at break and force at peak of 52864.366N/mm2, 5398.536N/mm2 and 2.650N, respectively. Evaluation of the chemical composition of plantain by FTIR spectroscopy indicated that treatment of natural fibres using NaOH beyond 2% have a negative impact on the plantain fibre properties. Through alkali exposure, the fibre configuration presents small variations in composition. It is consequently apparent that alkali treatment with concentration of less than 2% NaOH is sufficient to remove hemicelluloses and to obtain the optimum tensile effect.
S. N. Larimi; B. Ayati
Abstract
The present study used the adsorption process of activated carbon produced from agricultural wastes and the photocatalytic process of nano-ZnO to break down complex compounds available in removing Direct Blue 71 (henceforth, DB71). The two processes were done under three varied circumstances- adsorption/photocatalytic, ...
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The present study used the adsorption process of activated carbon produced from agricultural wastes and the photocatalytic process of nano-ZnO to break down complex compounds available in removing Direct Blue 71 (henceforth, DB71). The two processes were done under three varied circumstances- adsorption/photocatalytic, photocatalytic/ adsorption, and simultaneous use of the processes. First, DB71 was exposed to activated carbon produced from walnut and almond shells and the efficiency achieved at equilibrium time (45 and 60 minutes) was 55 and 60 percent, respectively. Then, DB71 was exposed to different dosages of nano-ZnO to remove the dye completely. The result showed that amount of AC/ZnO in an optimum condition for two walnut and almond shell absorbents were 0.75/0.096 and1/0.096 g/L. Second, (photocatalytic/ adsorption) the complex compound of DB71 with a dosage of 0.024 g/L was broken down as a result of UV radiation. The experiment proceeded with different dosages of walnut and almond shells after achieving the efficiency of 50% in removing DB71 in the second process. The amounts of AC/ZnO were 0.75/0.024 and 1/0.024 for walnut and almond shells respectively under the optimum condition for the second process. In the third process advantages of the simultaneous use of photocatalytic and adsorption processes were taken in which different dosages of AC/ ZnO were used. Given the smaller dosages of nano-ZnO and less dye removal time, amounts of 0.75/ 0.288 g/L and 0.75/0.288 g/L were measured for walnut and almond shells. The findings show that photocatalytic/adsorption process was the more optimal process because of the less dosages of nano-ZnO, efficiency of removing DB71 and shorter dye removing time. Furthermore, the effect of the intensity of UV radiant on the efficiency and time of removing DB71 was also examined. The experiment revealed that removing COD in the optimum conditions were 47.22 and 49.6 and 62.23 and 63.15 percent using walnut and almond shell respectively both in the first experiment and the simulations use of adsorption and photocatalytic processes after 30 hours. While, in the second experiment (photocatalytic/ adsorption) 42.21 and 39.18 percent of COD were removed using walnut and almond shell respectively after 30 hours. The LC-mass test of photocatalytic/adsorption process also showed the degradation of DB 71 complex compounds.
S. A. Abdulkareem; J. O. Ighalo; A. G. Adeniyi
Abstract
The prospective reuse of iron fillings from the milling machine and polystyrene in the solid waste streams in the production of plastic composites were considered in this study. The preparation, electrical properties, density, void fraction and particle distributions of the solvated polystyrene filled ...
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The prospective reuse of iron fillings from the milling machine and polystyrene in the solid waste streams in the production of plastic composites were considered in this study. The preparation, electrical properties, density, void fraction and particle distributions of the solvated polystyrene filled composites were all investigated as a function of recycled iron fillings concentration. The composites were developed by hand layup technique and cured by casting under ambient conditions (25 ± 2oC) for 7 days. The compared micrographs confirmed well-dispersed recycled iron fillings in polystyrene matrix and decreasing void fraction as iron filling increases in the composites. The highest electrical conductivity and density values of the composites were obtained at the highest iron filling composition of 40 wt% as 5.91 × 10-07 S/cm and 1.31 g/cm3, respectively. The developed iron polystyrene composite has good electrical properties, making it suitable to be an alternative material for metals.
Water Resources Engineering
P. E. Omuku; C. C. Odidika; A. E. Ozukwe; K. O. Iwuozor
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate comparatively the effects of different brands of corrugated roofing sheets on rainwater utilized within Awka metropolis. Different physicochemical parameters were assessed in the rain water harvested using established standard laboratory procedures. The rain ...
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The objective of this study was to evaluate comparatively the effects of different brands of corrugated roofing sheets on rainwater utilized within Awka metropolis. Different physicochemical parameters were assessed in the rain water harvested using established standard laboratory procedures. The rain water was harvested directly (control) and also collected after passing through the different brands of corrugated roofing sheets (samples). The results showed no appreciable effects on the physical appearance, observable odour, or taste of the water samples compared to the control sample. However, at 30 °C, there were minor changes in the pH. The amount of suspended solids (SS) in mg/100ml, total solids (TS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) found in each of the samples, including the control sample, did not vary. This showed that the corrugated roofing sheet has no significant effect on the SS, TS, and TDS of the rain water harvested within the study area. Iron, zinc, and chloride ions followed a similar trend as SS, with Fe and Zn occurring at non-detectable limits of the instrumentation, while the levels of Cl- ion (3mg/100ml) did not vary in all the samples, including the control sample. The results revealed that corrugated roofing sheets affect the total alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity of the harvested rain water in the study area greatly but had no impact on their physical appearance.
H. Eustache; N. Gaetan; D. Sandoval; U. G. Wali; K. Venant
Abstract
Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by electromechanical generators, driven by heat engines fueled by combustion. The combustion of peat for electricity generation is one among the energy contributors in Rwanda as Gishoma peat power plant that provides 15Mwh. The aim of this paper is ...
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Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by electromechanical generators, driven by heat engines fueled by combustion. The combustion of peat for electricity generation is one among the energy contributors in Rwanda as Gishoma peat power plant that provides 15Mwh. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the life cycle environmental impacts of peat use for energy generation by focusing the dried peat for combustion at the power plant. Even though electricity is needed in Rwanda as one among the factors that boost the economy and development, the emission comes from peat has a high effect on the environment they considered impacts are global warming potential, acidification potential, and eutrophication potential. The Life cycle assessment shows that the level of emission gases emitted and at which level those gases are compared to the international standards Organization (ISO) then we found that carbon dioxide is the gas which is emitted with the high percentage of 80.30% followed by sulfur 11.23% nitrogen oxides of 4.62% and methane of 3.85%. All those emissions have the different impact on the environment as described by the ISO and International Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). According to the result found the quantity of gases emitted are approximate to the level of standard when we consider the other gases emitted in the other stage like extraction it can be too high it is necessary to carry the deep analysis of peat from site extraction to the end use of peat in energy generation process.
E. H. Istoto; W. Widayat; S. Saptadi
Abstract
The composition of fuel production per litre from polyethylene waste via pyrolysis was determined through thermal degradation. Compositions of fuels from high density polyethylene/low density polyethylene (HDPE/LDPE) pyrolysis were naphta, gasoline, and active carbon as residues. The pyrolysis process ...
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The composition of fuel production per litre from polyethylene waste via pyrolysis was determined through thermal degradation. Compositions of fuels from high density polyethylene/low density polyethylene (HDPE/LDPE) pyrolysis were naphta, gasoline, and active carbon as residues. The pyrolysis process was carried out at 450-621°C without any catalyst and quantitative analysis method was conducted by using GC-MS. The product of 5 kg pyrolysis HDPE are 3.25 litres of naphta; 0.85 litre of gasoline; 0.325 litre of diesel fuel; and 18.06 grams of active carbon. Then the product of 5 kg pyrolysis LDPE are 0.5 litres of naphta; 2.9 litres of gasoline; 0,1 litre of diesel fuel; and 19 grams of active carbon.
S. S. Pandey; N. B. Singh; S. P. Shukla; M. Tiwari
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the removal of lead and copper from textile wastewater using waste egg shells in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The effect of initial pH, metal concentration, adsorbent dosage and retention time were investigated. Optimum adsorption of lead (80%) was obtained ...
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The aim of present study was to investigate the removal of lead and copper from textile wastewater using waste egg shells in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The effect of initial pH, metal concentration, adsorbent dosage and retention time were investigated. Optimum adsorption of lead (80%) was obtained at pH 6, initial metal concentration 20 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 12.5 g/L and retention time 90 minute. Also, optimum adsorption of copper (71%) was obtained at pH 6, initial metal concentration 15 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 15 g/L and retention time 75 minute. Langmuirs, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were used for the mathematical description of adsorption equilibrium. Langmuir isotherm showed the best fitting to the isotherm equilibrium data, with a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 4.33 mg/g and 3.54 mg/g for lead and copper, respectively. Results revealed that pseudo-second order adsorption kinetic equation fit the data with a high correlation coefficient (R2 more than 0.97). Based on the results of the present study, egg shells is suitable to be used for the removal of lead and copper from textile wastewater.
Energy
H. Eskandari
Abstract
Increasing demand for agricultural products and production of resource constraints- especially the limitation of cultivable areas - have made the highest yield per unit area the main goal of agricultural producers. Agriculture is a system exhibiting high energy consumption and production. Since energy ...
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Increasing demand for agricultural products and production of resource constraints- especially the limitation of cultivable areas - have made the highest yield per unit area the main goal of agricultural producers. Agriculture is a system exhibiting high energy consumption and production. Since energy has a direct impact on the efficiency of crop production, a sustainable agricultural system needs to be analyzed in terms of its input and output energy to determine the total consumed energy of production per unit area. The difference between input and output energy determines energy efficiency of an agronomical system. Input energy requires being well analyzed to reduce energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. This paper reviews energy efficiency indices based on energy consumption during planting and harvesting. To enhance energy efficiency of agronomical systems, some strategies are discussed in detail, including using high quality seeds, minimum tillage systems, direct seeded rice, weeds control especially in irrigation canals and plant nutrition through agronomical management. Although some agronomical strategies -like complementary irrigation in dry land farming systems- increase input energy, they increase crop yield. However, when output energy, resulting from the rise in crop yield, is higher than input energy, the system energy efficiency improves. Still, some inputs cannot be altered according to regional conditions which are often related to harvest stages operations.
M. G. Sobamowo
Abstract
The rapid increase in technological innovations and utilizations have adversely affected the environment and consequently continued to constitute a threat to the future survival of human. To counter these assaults and the threats of further degradation of the environment and human health, the basic recommended ...
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The rapid increase in technological innovations and utilizations have adversely affected the environment and consequently continued to constitute a threat to the future survival of human. To counter these assaults and the threats of further degradation of the environment and human health, the basic recommended approach for predicting the impact of the pollution and for the determination of the risk assessment strategies is through the use of mathematical models. Therefore, this work presents mathematical models for the prediction of the effects of combustion generated pollutants, such as Carbon-monoxide (CO) on human health. The developed coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equation for the ambient concentration of carbon mono-oxide in which the human subject was exposed to and the concentration of Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood is solved numerically using Alternating-Direct Implicit (ADI) scheme. From the computations, the variables of the models show significant results in their variations and the standard error of the predicted results from the model range in between 0.5-0.85 for the different concentrations of ambient carbon monoxide. This established that the computed results show good agreement with available experimental data. Therefore, the model can be used as a means of controlling the effects of the pollutant on human health and the results will serve as a way of evaluating our technological injuries, effectively controlling our pollutants emissions and also as a tool for designing and developing better equipments and engines with lower carbon or pollutants emissions.
I. A. Amar; A. Sharif; M. M. Alkhayali; M. A. Jabji; F. Altohami; M. A. Abdul Qadir; M. M. Ahwidi
Abstract
In this study, the adsorption properties of spinel ferrite-based adsorbent, CoFe1.9Mo0.1O4 (CFMo), for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution have been investigated. Sol-gel process was successfully employed to prepare CoFe1.9Mo0.1O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesized adsorbent was ...
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In this study, the adsorption properties of spinel ferrite-based adsorbent, CoFe1.9Mo0.1O4 (CFMo), for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution have been investigated. Sol-gel process was successfully employed to prepare CoFe1.9Mo0.1O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The adsorption experiments were carried out at various operational conditions (solution pH, initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature) to evaluate the potential adsorption property of CFMo magnetic nanoparticles. The results showed that, under the optimum adsorption parameters, approximately 95 % of MB dye can be removed. The adsorption data were better described by Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum amount of MB adsorbed was about 20.45 mg/g. Several adsorption kinetic models and thermodynamic parameters (∆Gº, ∆Hº, ∆Sº) were used to fit the adsorption experimental data. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model (PSO), while the thermodynamic parameters indicate that the proposed adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The obtained results suggest that CFMo is promising adsorbent material for removal of very toxic dyes from aqueous solutions.
B. Rath; S. Deo; G. Ramtekkar
Abstract
Fly ash and pond ash are two by-products of thermal power stations. These industrial wastes require a lot of landfill area and are also causing harm to the environment. By using locally available fly ash and pond ash as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, a green concrete shall be produced. ...
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Fly ash and pond ash are two by-products of thermal power stations. These industrial wastes require a lot of landfill area and are also causing harm to the environment. By using locally available fly ash and pond ash as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, a green concrete shall be produced. These by-products substantially reduce the consumption of natural lime and sand for sustainable development. Before using them in concrete, a deep study should be conducted on the physical behavior of concrete with these industrial by-products. The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of coarse fly ash, pond ash, and fiber on the early age shrinkage behavior of concrete. In this research cement is partially replaced with fly ash and sand is partially replaced with pond ash individually and simultaneously in addition to 0.1% of glass fiber. Suitability of these materials considering cost is suggested for practical use.
Energy
F. Hasanlu; A. Fallah-Sabet; A. Fereidunian
Abstract
The electric energy demand has been increasing, following digitalization and development of urbanization, which has led to functional enhancement of home energy management system (HEMS) and its subsystems. A great amount of the produced electricity is used for household loads, whereas self-sufficient ...
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The electric energy demand has been increasing, following digitalization and development of urbanization, which has led to functional enhancement of home energy management system (HEMS) and its subsystems. A great amount of the produced electricity is used for household loads, whereas self-sufficient smart homes can supply all or a large portion of their electricity consumption by using renewable energy resources. In this study, an MILP model is formulated for energy scheduling on a 24-hour time horizon, to achieve the optimal performance of each home appliance for minimizing the smart home energy bill. The studied smart home can exchange electrical energy with the upstream network. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to show the impact of the changes in scheduling and energy prices on the electricity energy bill. The impact of the presence of renewable resources and electrical storage is studied on the electricity energy bill and the electrical energy sales profit of the house in different scenarios. Numerical results show that using the proposed model in the self-sufficient smart home reduces the amount of power purchased from the grid by 45%, transfers energy to the grid at some hours, and the energy bill is reduced by 65%.
A. K. Norani; R. Hashim; O. Sulaiman; S. Hiziroglu; S. Ujang; W. N. A. Wan Nadhari
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the biodegradation behaviour of experimental particleboard bonded with modified 30 % of PVOH, 70 % of Oil palm starch and 3 % of nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Boric acid at 2 % was also added as a cross-linker to PVOH in modified oil palm starch to enhance ...
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The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the biodegradation behaviour of experimental particleboard bonded with modified 30 % of PVOH, 70 % of Oil palm starch and 3 % of nano silicon dioxide (SiO2). Boric acid at 2 % was also added as a cross-linker to PVOH in modified oil palm starch to enhance decay resistant for the samples. All the particleboards were evaluated by soil burial, borer and fungal strains tests. The samples were then compared with particleboard bonded with native oil palm starch and commercial urea formaldehyde (UF). The results indicated that particleboards bonded with modified PVOH/Oil palm starch were more resistant than particleboard bonded with their native starch and thus can be used as a potential binder for green particleboard in future. The SiO2 also showed a significant effect towards modified oil palm starch as compared to their native oil palm starch and commercial binder.
F. Chabane; A. Arif; N. Moummi; A. Brima
Abstract
The dependencye of aerosol optical depth on wavelength as well as the fit of the humidity, temperature and pressure approximation under atmoshperic condition at Biskra city of Algeria has been investigated. Our work consists of measuring and modeling solar radiation on the horizontal area to create a ...
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The dependencye of aerosol optical depth on wavelength as well as the fit of the humidity, temperature and pressure approximation under atmoshperic condition at Biskra city of Algeria has been investigated. Our work consists of measuring and modeling solar radiation on the horizontal area to create a mathematical model of global solar radiation which depends on the aerosol optical depth data between two wavelengths: 550 and 1250 nm. Simultaneous measurements of global solar radiation were carried out and recorded on the horizontal zone on an urban site (Biskra, Algeria) to characterize the radiative effect of atmospheric aerosols from January to December 2013. In addition, the effect of meteorological parameters such as: humidity, ambient temperature, and time durations were studied. This relationship constitutes an alternative tool to estimate AOD at the routine lighting measurements available at many radiometric stations around the world. Finally, a comparative study was established between the theoretical results and the experimental data which leads at an excellent correlation by a low relative error which is limited by the interval 2 and 15%.
G. A. Ebong; E. A. Moses
Abstract
Roadside dusts from high traffic density areas in Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, Eket, Ibeno, Abak and Itu local government areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were analyzed for concentrations of total cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead. Optimized Bureau Community of Reference (BCR) speciation method ...
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Roadside dusts from high traffic density areas in Uyo, Ikot Ekpene, Eket, Ibeno, Abak and Itu local government areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were analyzed for concentrations of total cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead. Optimized Bureau Community of Reference (BCR) speciation method was used for determination of metals forms. Results indicated that, mean concentrations of Cd and Cu were higher while concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb were lower than their standards. Cd and Cr existed predominantly in acid extractable form, Cu and Zn in residual fraction while Ni and Pb mostly in reducible form. Cd and Pb were in the high risk class while Cu, Ni and Zn were within the low risk zone. Ibeno as the most contaminated area studied, closely followed by Uyo while Abak was the least contaminated area. Correlation analysis indicated strong positive association and common source for the metals evaluated in this study.
S.J. Imen; A.A. Ghoreyshi; S.M.R. Rostami; M. Fallah; H. Karimnia
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2010
Reza Davarnejad; Mostafa Moraveji
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2010
G. Srinikethan; Smitha Hegde
Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2010