Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil Using Mixed Clay-Eggshell Heterogeneous Catalysts

M. A. Olutoye; O. D. Adeniyi; A. S. Yusuff

Volume 7, Issue 3 , July 2016, , Pages 308-314

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.14

Abstract

  The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of ...  Read More The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of clay to eggshell on mass basis. The resulting mixtures were oven dried at 120 0C and calcined in the furnance at 900 0C for 4 hours. The uncalcined raw clay sample was characterized via the X-ray fluorescence method while the as-synthesized catalyst samples were characterized via the Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of the as-synthesized catalysts was tested in transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) via a 2 level factorial experimental design optimizing four variables including reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst loading in which case the yield was the required response. The 50-50 catalyst attained a maximum yield of 56.2% at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 5 wt.% compared to the 65.2% achieved with the 80-20 catalyst at 90 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min., catalyst loading of 5 wt% and the 70.7% obtained for the 20-80 catalyst at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, thus, indicating mixed effect of variables as fully discussed. The developed catalysts were found to be good for biodiesel production and have the ability of improved performance.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.86 M

Assessment of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in Katsina Area, Katsina State of Nigeria using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)

A. Adediji; A.M. Tukur; K.A. Adepoju

Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2010

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.01 M

Production of Biodiesel from Thumba Oil: Optimization of Process Parameters

Ashish Karnwal; Naveen Kumar; M.M. Hasan; Rajeev Chaudhary; Arshad Noor Siddiquee; Zahid A. Khan

Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2010

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 458.62 K

Coastal Waste Transport in Catbalogan City, Philippines and Nearby Towns

Ronald L. Orale; Lady Ann Fabillar

Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2011

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 392.49 K

A Time-Frequency Approach For EEG Spike Detection

Hamid Hassanpour; Boualem Boashash

Volume 2, Issue 4 , October 2011

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 233.89 K

Critical Hydraulic Gradient for Sediment Transport Through Rockfill Structures

Jafar Chapokpour; Ebrahim Amiri Tokaldany

Volume 3, Issue 2 , April 2012

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 4.34 M

Growth of cocoa as function of fertigation with nitrogen

Roger Luiz da Silva Almeida; Lucia Helena Garófalo Chaves; Enio Fraga da Silva

Volume 3, Issue 4 , October 2012

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 593.95 K

Anaerobic Digestion of Paper Mill Wastewater

Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan1*; Siti Baizura Mahat1; Md. Fadjil Md. Din2; A. Yuzir2; N. Othman

Volume 3, Issue 5 , November 2012

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 167.28 K

Applying Neural Network to Dynamic Modeling of Biosurfactant Production Using Soybean Oil Refinery Wastes

Shokoufe Tayyebi; Tayebe Bagheri Lotfabad; Reza Roostaazad

Volume 4, Issue 2 , April 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 2.95 M

Analysis and Design Procedure of Corner Gusset Plate Connection in BRBFs

M. Naghipour; G. Abdollahzadeh; M. Shokri

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 965.05 K

Elimination of Nematode Cysts and Ova from Hospital Sewage by Activated Sludge Process

Zabihollah Yousefi; Hajar Ziaei hezarjaribi

Volume 4, Issue 4 , October 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 877.12 K

Isolation Purification and Screening of Biodegradable Polymer PHB Producing Cyanobacteria from Marine and Fresh Water Resources

K. Gopi; S. Balaji; B. Muthuvelan

Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2014

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 519.55 K

Rice Husk Silica Adsorbent for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Pollution from Aquatic Solutions

Seyed Mahmoud Mehdinia; Khalilollah Moeinian; Tayyabeh Rastgoo

Volume 5, Issue 2 , April 2014

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 2.24 M

Antioxidative Analysis and Antagonistic Activity of Apis and Trigona Propolis Collected from Different Geo Locations

H.R. Bhargava; S. Elakkiya; K. Mathumitha; E. Keerthika; Uma Rani; Varsha Uma Eswaran

Volume 5, Issue 4 , October 2014

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 750.21 K

A Novel and Rapid Harvesting Method of Microalgae Using Saw Dust Coated Polypyrrole

S. Hena; N. Fatihah; H. Awang

Volume 7, Issue 2 , April 2016, , Pages 184-192

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.02.15

Abstract

  In this study a simple and rapid harvesting method using electro conductive polymer coated saw dust has been presented as a new coagulant for separating Chlorella vulgaris from a diluted suspension. Polypyrrole (PPy) coated saw dust as a novel coagulant was prepared via in-situ polymerization of pyrrole ...  Read More In this study a simple and rapid harvesting method using electro conductive polymer coated saw dust has been presented as a new coagulant for separating Chlorella vulgaris from a diluted suspension. Polypyrrole (PPy) coated saw dust as a novel coagulant was prepared via in-situ polymerization of pyrrole (Py) monomer using FeCl3  oxidant in aqueous medium in which saw dust particles were suspended. The zeta potential of coagulant and C. vulgaris and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis of coagulant were characterized. PPy maintain predominantly positive charge over a wide pH range (2-10) with an isoelectric point 10.4 while, C. vulgaris maintained negative surface charge from pH 5 and onward with isoelectric point 3.8. The microalgae showed the highest separation efficiency at pH 10. The maximal recovery efficiency reached more than 90% for microalgae at a stirring speed of 120 rpm within 7 min. The maximal adsorption capacity of C. vulgaris was 28.8 mg dry biomass/mg-saw dust coated PPy. The concentration factor obtained is higher than 32 which save energy and time associated with microalgal harvesting and allows a reduction in the equipment size necessary for biomass dewatering and improves the feasibility of using these microorganisms in biofuel or wastewater processes.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.64 M

Calculating the Electronic Transport Properties of Different Carbon Nanotube Based Intramolecular Junctions

Rashid Nizam; S. Mahdi A. Rizvi; Ameer Azam

Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2010

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 954.38 K

Effect of Agro-Waste Ash on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Polymer Concrete

M. Hoseinzadeh; G.D. Najafpour; M.A. Beygi

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 469.6 K

Numerical Predictions of Oxygen Transport Enhancement in a PEM Fuel Cell with Flow Field Designs

Nasser Baharlou Houreh; Ebrahim Afshari

Volume 4, Issue 4 , October 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article

Spatial and Temporal Abundance of the Reef Gastropod Tectus niloticus (Gastropoda: Tegulidae) in Marine Protected Areas in Palawan, Philippines: Prospects for Conservation

R. G. Dolorosa; A. Grant; J. A. Gill

Volume 7, Issue 2 , April 2016, , Pages 193-202

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.02.16

Abstract

  The unsustainable harvesting of the reef gastropod Tectus niloticus or ‘trochus’ for the production of ‘mother of pearl’ buttons have led to the collapse of its population and closure of its fishery in some countries.   With the costly conservation measure involving ...  Read More The unsustainable harvesting of the reef gastropod Tectus niloticus or ‘trochus’ for the production of ‘mother of pearl’ buttons have led to the collapse of its population and closure of its fishery in some countries.   With the costly conservation measure involving the restocking of hatchery produced juveniles in partly protected reefs in the Philippines, this study assessed the abundance of trochus in three types of habitats of three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Palawan, Philippines to document the status of its populations and to propose a more relevant conservation measure. Unguarded and continuously exploited MPAs in the mainland Palawan harboured the least numbers of trochus. By contrast, in effectively protected areas of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP), densities were quite high with large trochus being abundant in three types of habitats. However, the densities declined the farther the site from the Ranger Station of TRNP.  In permanent monitoring sites in TRNP, the abundance declined between 2006 and 2008, with slight recovering trends toward 2010. Sizes of sampled trochus at TRNP in 2008-2010 were significantly larger than in 2006. The presence of recruits at constantly fished MPAs at Palawan on the mainland could lead to population recovery if these areas are effectively spared from fishing for a longer period of time. Restored biodiversity in networks of MPAs could be highly beneficial to the ecosystem, the fisheries and economic sectors.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.47 M

Earthquake Damage Detection in Built Environment: An Object-Oriented Approach Using Radar Imagery

Babak Mansouri

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.25 M

Leaching Behavior of Construction and Demolition Waste (Concrete and Gypsum)

A. A. Nurhanim; I. Norli; N. Morad; H.P.S.A. Khalil

Volume 7, Issue 2 , April 2016, , Pages 203-211

https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.02.17

Abstract

  Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) aims to minimize the generation of waste and  reduce the dependency on  natural resources. The aims of the research  are to characterize inorganic element and to determine the leaching behavior of CDW (concrete and gypsum) by means of ...  Read More Recycling of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) aims to minimize the generation of waste and  reduce the dependency on  natural resources. The aims of the research  are to characterize inorganic element and to determine the leaching behavior of CDW (concrete and gypsum) by means of the leaching test. The analyzed results were compared with the European Union (EU) Landfill Directive to assess their acceptance criteria. Both wastes were found to have elements of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Cr, Se, Ni, CI and SO42-. The highest concentration and variety of inorganic element found in waste gypsum (WG) were SO42->Ca>CI>Mg>Zn>Cu>Fe. X-ray diffractometric (XRD)  analysis  proved  that  the  WCo  was  dominated  by  quartz,  calcite,  ettringite,  cordierite, diopside and the WG was only dominated by gypsum. The leaching behavior of WG demonstrated pH dependent particularly for the elements of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn but only the elements of Ca and Cr in WCo were shown to be pH dependent in the leaching test.  The element of SO42- from the WG indicated a higher reading than WCo without the influence of pH. Noticeably, the concentration of SO42- within the WG strongly require regulation and control before it can be utilized as part of raw materials in the production of environmental friendly recycled building materials.

---

• View Article
• PDF 1.15 M

Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior of Composite Ordinary and Reactive Powder Concrete

Bassam A. Tayeh; B.H. Abu Bakar; M.A. Megat Johari; S.M. Tayeh

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 291 K

Effect of Different Curing Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of UHPFC

Lawend K. Askar; Bassam A. Tayeh; B.H. Abu Bakar

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 546.77 K

Compressive Evaluation of Chemical Resistance of Polymer Concrete in Corrosive Environments

Mehdi Golestaneh; Ghasem Najafpour; Ghazaleh Amini; Morteza Beygi

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 427.3 K

Domination of Grain Bearing on the Strength Properties of Engkabang Jantong as Fast Growing Timber in Sarawak

Gaddafi Ismaili; Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar; Alik Duju; Khairul Khuzaimah Abdul Rahim; a Openg

Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2013

Abstract

    Read More

---

• View Article
• PDF 377.3 K