Energy
A. W. Tahiru; S. U. Takal; E. D. Sunkari; S. Ampofo
Abstract
Although Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, access to sustainable energy and cutting-edge clean energy technology remains a major concern. The government is making significant efforts to generate renewable energy and provide more access to its citizens. Despite this, traditional ...
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Although Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, access to sustainable energy and cutting-edge clean energy technology remains a major concern. The government is making significant efforts to generate renewable energy and provide more access to its citizens. Despite this, traditional fuels (charcoal, fuel wood, dung cakes, and agricultural waste) account for around 87 percent of Ethiopia's energy use, and they pose a range of health and environmental risks. Solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal resources abound in the nation, but only 5% of the country's total hydroelectric capacity is being used; while, the rest is either underutilized or underdeveloped. An in-depth look at Ethiopia's renewable energy potential, as well as the opportunities and problems it faces, is presented in this review. With a combined installed capacity of over 7000 MW, hydropower and wind power are the most promising renewable energy sources in Ethiopia as of yet. It is hoped that this assessment will shed light on how Ethiopia can harness and maximize the use of its abundant renewable energy sources.
Environment
O. F. Anjorin; L. C. Imoh; C. Uhunmwangho
Abstract
Biomass use in small unit combustion systems such as for space heating or cooking could lead to ineffective mixing and potential problems arising from emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants. We therefore conducted a study to measure pollution levels in public kitchens using biomass fuel for ...
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Biomass use in small unit combustion systems such as for space heating or cooking could lead to ineffective mixing and potential problems arising from emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants. We therefore conducted a study to measure pollution levels in public kitchens using biomass fuel for cooking and to ascertain their air quality indices. Markers of indoor air quality such as CO, SO2, H2S, PM2.5 and PM10 were measured in eleven (11) public kitchens of selected secondary schools over a period of four months by a set of active sampling devices. It is revealed that the mean average of CO, SO2, H2S, PM2.5 and PM10 sampled in the indoor microenvironments of the selected kitchens are 46.29 ppm, 0.36 ppm, 0.28 ppm, 74 µg/m3 and 138 µg/m3, respectively. The AQI assessed for CO for the kitchens was 36.36% very hazardous, 54.54 % hazardous and 9.09% very unhealthy while 63.64% and 36.36 % of very unhealthy and unhealthy categories, respectively for SO2. This shows that the indoor air pollution levels in selected kitchen are elevated and results in potential negative health consequences.
K. M. Akkoli; S. A. Goudadi; M. M. Shivashimpi; S. N. Topannavar
Abstract
An analysis of the experimental characterization of the three agricultural residues redgram stalk, soyabean stalk, and chilli stalk (biomass) was carried out and the higher heating values (HHV) were determined using the available correlations from the literature. The selected agricultural residues proximate ...
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An analysis of the experimental characterization of the three agricultural residues redgram stalk, soyabean stalk, and chilli stalk (biomass) was carried out and the higher heating values (HHV) were determined using the available correlations from the literature. The selected agricultural residues proximate analysis results show moisture about 4.2 to 7.4%, the volatile matter about 79.3 to 85.8%, fixed carbon about 4 to 8.94%, and ash about 2.5 to 5.5%. The ultimate analysis results present elemental compositions such as carbon about 46 to 49%, hydrogen about 5%, oxygen about 30%, and the nitrogen about 3.1 to 3.7% with very low sulfur content. The HHV of agricultural residues varies from 14MJ kg-1 to 19MJ kg-1. The design of the downdraft gasifier to accommodate agricultural residues was carried out taking into account the characteristics of the agricultural residues and the specifications of the internal combustion (IC) engine. The characteristics of the agricultural residues depict that the three agricultural residues are suitable for gasification and can be used in a single gasifier.
A. Belay Kassa
Abstract
Ethiopia is a land locked country, located in Horn of Africa. The country power generation does not meet the national demand of the people. The aim of the paper is to review a current status, future potential and barriers on development of renewable energy for power generations in Ethiopia. The approaches ...
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Ethiopia is a land locked country, located in Horn of Africa. The country power generation does not meet the national demand of the people. The aim of the paper is to review a current status, future potential and barriers on development of renewable energy for power generations in Ethiopia. The approaches would be use of primary and secondary data. The structural question is developed and data collected from experts. Secondary data were also collected from national published report, ministries brief and policy guides. The study used predominate renewable energy resource for power generation such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and waste to energy. Based on the result, the country utilization of the resources like solar, wind and geothermal with less than 1% with respect to the potential except hydro power which is less than 9% from the national reserve. The paper found that finical, technical, policy and regulation are the main barriers that faced on the development renewable energy. Key measurements are strengthened finical institution, establishing capacity building center, initiation active community participation, organizing institution to support development of renewable energy. This proposed measurements and policy issues were based on the evidence faced the country.
K. Ganesh Babu; A. Veeresh Babu; K. Madhu Murthy
Abstract
The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, ...
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The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, inedible feed stocks causes food versus fuel and greenhouse-gas emissions' problem. It is observed that yields of edible, inedible oils and animal fats are very less compared to third-generation feedstock like Algae: It is one of the fastest growing organisms. It is environmentally friendly because it captures Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment to grow. According to the Indian scenario, this is the right time to fix attention on algae biodiesel, to meet the fossil-fuel demand. The higher heating value of biodiesel is slightly lesser than that of diesel, but higher than coal. Biodiesel combusts same like diesel fuel, concerns regulate emissions, and doubtlessly better efficiency than diesel fuel. Algae biodiesel has good physicochemical properties than others. This paper reviews the comparison of yield, fatty acid composition of oil, presently available methods to convert algae into biodiesel and its effect on Direct and Indirect injection diesel engines. Literature reveals that a reduction in exhaust emissions with slight compromise in performances are possible with the usage algae as a biodiesel.
