Document Type : Review paper
Author
Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Increasing demand for agricultural products and production of resource constraints- especially the limitation of cultivable areas - have made the highest yield per unit area the main goal of agricultural producers. Agriculture is a system exhibiting high energy consumption and production. Since energy has a direct impact on the efficiency of crop production, a sustainable agricultural system needs to be analyzed in terms of its input and output energy to determine the total consumed energy of production per unit area. The difference between input and output energy determines energy efficiency of an agronomical system. Input energy requires being well analyzed to reduce energy consumption and increase energy efficiency. This paper reviews energy efficiency indices based on energy consumption during planting and harvesting. To enhance energy efficiency of agronomical systems, some strategies are discussed in detail, including using high quality seeds, minimum tillage systems, direct seeded rice, weeds control especially in irrigation canals and plant nutrition through agronomical management. Although some agronomical strategies -like complementary irrigation in dry land farming systems- increase input energy, they increase crop yield. However, when output energy, resulting from the rise in crop yield, is higher than input energy, the system energy efficiency improves. Still, some inputs cannot be altered according to regional conditions which are often related to harvest stages operations.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Nassir, A.J., Ramadhan, M.N., and Alwan, A.A.M., 2021. Energy input-output analysis in wheat, barley and oat productionx. Indian Journal of Ecology, 48(1), pp.304–307.
- Feyzbakhsh, M.T., Rezvantalab, N., and Alizadeh, P., 2019. Comparison of input, output energy and global warming potential in rainfed wheat and barley in Aq-Qala (Golestan province). Environmental Sciences, 17(1), pp.121–140. Doi: 10.29252/envs.17.1.121
- Moitzi, G., Wagentristl, H., Kaul, H.-P., Bernas, J., and Neugschwandtner, R.W., 2022. Energy Efficiency of Oat:Pea Intercrops Affected by Sowing Ratio and Nitrogen Fertilization. Agronomy, 13(42), pp.1–14. Doi: 10.3390/agronomy13010042
- Georgieva, N., Nikolova, I., Pavlov, D., and Zhelyazkova, T., 2022. Energy efficiency in pea organic production. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 28(1), pp.55–60.
- Eskandari, H., 2023. Contribution of Production Inputs to Energy Consumption in Wheat Production System for Providing a Solution to Improve Energy Consumption. Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment, 14(1), pp.53–57. Doi: 10.5829/IJEE.2023.14.01.07
- Eskandari, H., and Mosavian, S.N., 2023. Energy Analysis for Two Production Systems of Cucumber. Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment, 14(2), pp.96–101. Doi: 10.5829/IJEE.2023.14.02.01
- Gokdogan, O., and Baran, M.F., 2014. The energy balance of the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) oil. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research, 32, pp.7083–7086.
- Unakıtan, G., and Aydın, B., 2018. A comparison of energy use efficiency and economic analysis of wheat and sunflower production in Turkey: A case study in Thrace Region. Energy, 149, pp.279–285. Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.033
- Poudel, S., Bhattarai, S., Sherpa, T., Karki, A., Hyun Kim, D., and Kafle, S., 2019. The energy input-output analysis of maize production in Sundarharaincha Municipality, Morang district, Nepal. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 301(1), pp.012027. Doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/301/1/012027
- Kennedy, S., 2000. Energy use in American agriculture. Sustainable energy term paper, 5(1), pp.1–26.
- Yelmen, B., Şahin, H.H., and Cakir, M.T., 2019. Energy efficiency and economic analysis in tomato production: a case study of Mersin province in the Mediterranean region. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(4), pp.7371–7379. Doi: 10.15666/aeer/1704_73717379
- Dimitrijević, A., Gavrilović, M., Ivanović, S., Mileusnić, Z., Miodragović, R., and Todorović, S., 2020. Energy Use and Economic Analysis of Fertilizer Use in Wheat and Sugar Beet Production in Serbia. Energies, 13(9), pp.2361. Doi: 10.3390/en13092361
- Perera, N.A.R.J., Karunarathna, A.K., and Basnayake, B.F.A., 2021. Energy Efficiency and Economic Analysis of an Irrigated Rice Farming System in Ampara District of Sri Lanka: An Assessment for 2018/19 Maha Season. Tropical Agricultural Research, 32(3), pp.256–264. Doi: 10.4038/tar.v32i3.8489
- Tabatabaeefar, A., Emamzadeh, H., Varnamkhasti, M., Rahimizadeh, R., and Karimi, M., 2009. Comparison of energy of tillage systems in wheat production. Energy, 34(1), pp.41–45. Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2008.09.023
- Eskandari, H., and Attar, S., 2015. Energy comparison of two rice cultivation systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, pp.666–671. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.050
- Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Jabbarpour, S., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., and Mohammadi, A., 2010. Response of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to salt priming of seeds. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(10), pp.1089–1094.
- Mardani Najafabadi, M., Sabouni, M., Azadi, H., and Taki, M., 2022. Rice production energy efficiency evaluation in north of Iran; application of Robust Data Envelopment Analysis. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 6, pp.100356. Doi: 10.1016/j.clet.2021.100356
- Baran, M.F., and Gokdogan, O., 2014. Energy input-output analysis of barley production in Thrace region of Turkey. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 14(11), pp.1255–1261. Doi: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2014.14.11.21882
- Mehrabi, H., and Esmaieli, A., 2011. Input-Output Analysis of Energy in Agricultural Sector of Iran. Agricultural Economics and Development, 19(2), pp.1–28. [In Persian]
- Rezaei Shirmard, S., Sohrabi, M., Salehi, M.A., and Rasouli Azar, S., 2014. Analysis of Energy Consumption Pattern in Corn Fields in two Different Climates (North & South of West Azerbaijan). Journal of Agricultural science and sustainable production, 23(4.1), pp.201–214. [In Persian]
- Ghorttapeh, A.H., Taherifard, E., and Gerami, F., 2012. Energy Efficiency in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Production System in North. Annals of Biological Research, 3(5), pp.2469–2473.
- Imran, M., Özçatalbaş, O., and Bashir, M.K., 2020. Estimation of energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission of cotton crop in South Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19(3), pp.216–224. Doi: 10.1016/j.jssas.2018.09.007
- Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Feizi, H., and Mondani, F., 2011. Evaluation of Tomato Production Systems in Terms of Energy Use Efficiency and Economical Analysis in Iran. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3(4), pp.58–65. Doi: 10.15835/nsb346279
- Izadkhah shishvan, M., Tajbakhsh, M., and Hassanzadeh, A., 2010. Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Mechanized Farmimg System on Potato Production in East Azarbyjan Province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 8(2), pp.284–297. Doi: 10.22067/gsc.v8i2.7526 [In Persian]
- broumand, abulfazl, : aghkhani, M., and Sadrnia, H., 2014. A Comparison of Utilization Systems In terms of Energy Consumption of Soybean production in Moghan Region. Journal Of Agroecology, 6(4), pp.905–915. Doi: 10.22067/jag.v6i4.35426 [In Persian]
- de Moraes Barbosa, A., Rebes Zilliani, R., Tiritan, C.S., Maia Souza, G., and de Almeida Silva, M., 2021. Energy conversion efficiency in sugarcane cultivars as a function of production environments in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 150, pp.111500. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111500
- Hua, F., Yangyang, L., Cong, F., Peishu, H., and Kaiyong, W., 2016. Energy-Use Efficiency and Economic Analysis of Sugar Beet Production in China: A Case Study in Xinjiang Province. Sugar Tech, 18(3), pp.309–316. Doi: 10.1007/s12355-015-0405-y
- Masuda, K., 2018. Energy Efficiency of Intensive Rice Production in Japan: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. Sustainability, 10(2), pp.120. Doi: 10.3390/su10010120
- Eskandari, H., and Alizadeh-Amraie, A., 2017. Grain yield and energy efficiency of a barley dry land farming system as affected by supplemental irrigation at flowering stage. Agricultural Crop Management, 18(4), pp.871–880. [In Persian]
- Safa, M., 2013. Determination of energy consumption in pest control using pesticides in New Zealand. In: The Asian Conference on Sustainability, Energy and the Environment, Osaka, Japan.
- Uzunoz, M., Akcay, Y., and Esengun, K., 2008. Energy Input-output Analysis of Sunflower Seed (Helianthus annuus L.) Oil in Turkey. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 3(3), pp.215–223. Doi: 10.1080/15567240701231834
- Zahedi, M., Eshghizadeh, H.R., and Mondani, F., 2015. Energy Efficiency and Productivity in Potato and Sugar Beet Production Systems in Isfahan Province. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 5(17), pp.181–191. Doi: 10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.5.17.181 [In Persian]
- Manafi Dastjerdi, M., and Koohnavard, A., 2020. Evaluation and comparison of the energy consumption in Alfalfa production systems in different regions of Alborz province. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops, 8(2), pp.297–310. Doi: 10.22092/RAFHC.2020.121524.1133 [In Persian]
- Moitzi, G., Neugschwandtner, R.W., Kaul, H.-P., and Wagentristl, H., 2021. Comparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions. Plant, Soil and Environment, 67(5), pp.299–306. Doi: 10.17221/67/2021-PSE
)