Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
Abstract
The rising cost of concrete production due to the global recession in world economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the greenhouse gases emitted in the production of cement has necessitated the need for alternative materials for cement. In this study, bamboo strips and steel rebars were used as reinforcements in a ternary blended concrete to determine their strength properties. In alignment with standard requirements for testing, concrete specimens were tested at curing ages of 7, 14 and 28 days for compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths. The morphological and bond characteristics of the bamboo were determined through the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively; while its tensile strength was determined and compared with that of steel reinforcement. These results showed that bamboo is ductile and has stretching vibrational spectrum. The combinations of quarry dust, river sand, Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) yielded compressive and split tensile strengths of 20.4 N/mm2 and 2.18 N/mm2, respectively. Concrete with 50 % river sand and 50 % quarry dust performed better in flexure for both Bamboo Reinforced Concrete (BRC) and Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) at 28 days with strengths of 12.75 N/mm2 and 22.49 N/mm2, respectively. Therefore, bamboo, quarry dust, rice husk and guinea corn husk ash can be used for reinforced concrete production.
Keywords
Main Subjects
- Karthik, S., Rao, P.R.M., and Awoyera, P.O., 2017. Strength properties of bamboo and steel reinforced concrete containing manufactured sand and mineral admixtures. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 29(4), pp.400–406. Doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2016.12.003
- Odeyemi, S.O., Giwa, Z.T., and Abdulwahab, R., 2019. Building Collapse in Nigeria ( 2009- 2019 ), Causes and Remedies – A Review. USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production, 1(1), pp.123–135
- Atoyebi, O.D., Ayanrinde, O.P., and Oluwafemi, J., 2019. Reliability Comparison of Schmidt Rebound Hammer as a Non-Destructive Test with Compressive Strength Tests for different Concrete Mix. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Institute of Physics Publishing.
- Akinpelu, M.A., Odeyemi, S.O., Olafusi, O.S., and Muhammed, F.Z., 2019. Evaluation of splitting tensile and compressive strength relationship of self-compacting concrete. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 31, pp.19–25. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.01.002
- Lahri, A., and Dixit, S., 2015. Alternatives to Cement in Concrete – A Review. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(10), pp.50–56.
- Odeyemi, S.O., Abdulwahab, R., Giwa, Z.T., Anifowose, M.A., Odeyemi, O.T., and Ezenweani, C.F., 2021. Effect of Combining Maize Straw and Palm Oil Fuel Ashes in Concrete as Partial Cement Replacement in Compression. Trends in Sciences, 18(19), pp.29. Doi: 10.48048/tis.2021.29
- Raheem, A.A., Oriola, K.O., Kareem, M.A., and Abdulwahab, R., 2021. Investigation on thermal properties of rice husk ash-blended palm kernel shell concrete. Environmental Challenges, 5(July), pp.1–16. Doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100284
- Raheem, A.A., Abdulwahab, R., and Kareem, M.A., 2021. Incorporation of metakaolin and nanosilica in blended cement mortar and concrete- A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 290, pp.1–12. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125852
- Tijani, M.A., and Ajagbe, W., 2018. Effect of burning temperature and time on characteristics of sorghum husk ash for optimum pozzolanic activity - a response surface approach. 2018 Seet Annual Conferenceat: Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, 12(July), pp.273–281.
- Odeyemi, S.O., Anifowose, M.A., Abdulwahab, R., and Oduoye, W.O., 2020. Mechanical Properties of High-Performance Concrete with Guinea Corn Husk Ash as Additive. LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies, 5(September 2020), pp.139–154. Doi: 10.36108/laujoces/0202/50(0131)
- Odeyemi, S.O., Atoyebi, O.D., and Ayo, E., 2020. Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Lateritic Concrete Effect of Guinea Corn Husk Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Lateritic Concrete. IOP Conf Ser. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/445/1/012034
- Srinivasreddy, A.B., Mccarthy, T.J., and Lume, E., 2013. Effect of rice husk ash on workability and strength of concrete. 26th Biennial Concrete Institute of Australia's National Conference (Concrete 2013), Australia, pp.1–10.
- Ikponmwosa, E., Fapohunda, C., Kolajo, O., and Eyo, O., 2017. Structural behaviour of bamboo-reinforced foamed concrete slab containing polyvinyl wastes (PW) as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 29(4), pp.348–355. Doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2015.06.005
- Atoyebi, O.D., Gana, A.J., and Longe, J.E., 2020. Strength assessment of concrete with waste glass and bankoro (Morinda Citrifolia) as partial replacement for fine and coarse aggregate. Results in Engineering, 6(100124), pp.1–2. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100124
- Atoyebi, O.D., and Sadiq, O.M., 2018. Experimental data on flexural strength of reinforced concrete elements with waste glass particles as partial replacement for fine aggregate. Data in Brief, 18, pp.846–859. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.03.104
- Sadiq, O.M., and Atoyebi, O.D., 2015. Flexural Strength determination of Reinforced Concrete Elements with Waste Glass as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate. NSE Technical Transactions, Journal of the Nigerian Society of Engineer, 49(2), pp.74–81.
- Lee Abdullah, J.D.K., Ali, N., Mohamed, R.N., and Abdullahi, M.M., 2018. The Effect of Quarry Dust With Cement By-Products on Properties of Concrete. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 30(3). Doi: 10.11113/mjce.v30n3.517
- Subramanian, K., and Kannan, A., 2013. An Experimental Study On Usage Of Quarry Dust As Partial Replacement For Sand In Concrete And Mortar. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(8), pp.955–967.
- Meisuh, B.K., Kankam, C.K., and Buabin, T.K., 2018. Effect of quarry rock dust on the flexural strength of concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 8(July 2017), pp.16–22. Doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2017.12.002
- Ullah, S., Khan, M.W., Khan, N., and Hasnain, M., 2019. To what extent can bamboo replace steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete slabs. Global Scientific Journal, 7(8), pp.25–32.
- Atoyebi, O.D., Odeyemi, S.O., and Orama, J.A., 2018. Experimental data on the splitting tensile strength of bamboo reinforced lateritic concrete using different culm sizes. Data in Brief, 20, pp.1960–1964. Doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.09.064
- Hebel, D.E., Heise, F., and Javadian, A., 2013. Engineering Bamboo: The new composite Reinforcement. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering (ACE 2013). pp 1–6.
- Varma, D.M.B., 2017. Properties of Cement Concrete Reinforced With Bamboo-Strip-Mat. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, 14(01), pp.47–59. Doi: 10.9790/1684-1401014759
- Raut, M. V, and Deo, S. V, 2019. Influence of high volume fly ash as a replacement of cement and sand along with glass fiber on the durability of concrete. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(5), pp.42–48.
- Raut, M. V, and Deo, S. V, 2018. Use of High Volume Fly Ash on Early Age Shrinkage in Concrete. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 13(7), pp.2036–2046.
- Raut, M. V., and Deo, S. V., 2017. A parametric study on effect of fly ash together with fiber for sustainable concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), pp.100–110
- BS EN 196-3, B., 2016. Methods of testing cement part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness.
- BS 8500-1, 2015+A2:2019, 2015. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206. Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier.
- BS EN 206:2013+A1:2016, 2016. Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity.
- Thiedeitz, M., Schmidt, W., Härder, M., and Kränkel, T., 2020. Performance of rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material after production in the field and in the lab. Materials, 13(19), pp.1–17. Doi: 10.3390/ma13194319
- Bello, M.O., Abdus-Salam, N., and Adekola, F.A., 2018. Utilization of Guinea corn (Sughurm vulgare) Husk for Preparation of Bio-based Silica and it’s Characterization Studies. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 3(2), pp.670–675. Doi: 10.22161/ijeab/3.2.48
- BS 8615, 1, 2019. Specification for pozzolanic materials for use with portland cement. Natural pozzolana and natural calcined pozzolana.
- BS EN 197-1:2011, B., 2019. Cement composition, Specifications and conformity criteria for common cements.
- Kanthe, V., Deo, S., and Murmu, M., 2019. Effect on Autogenous Healing in Concrete by Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy and Environment, 10(2), pp.154–158. Doi: 10.5829/IJEE.2019.10.02.13
- Kanthe, V.N., Deo, S. V., and Murmu, M., 2020. Assessment of Environmental Impact and Formation Factor for Triple Blend Concrete. Iranian (Iranica) Journal of Energy and Environment, 11(2), pp.146–151. Doi: 10.5829/IJEE.2020.11.02.08
- BS EN 12390-3, 2019. Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens.
- Shetty, M.S., 2008. Concrete Technology Theory and Practice. S. CHAND & Company Ltd., New-Delhi, India.
- BS EN 12390-6:2009, B., 2009. Testing hardened concrete. Tensile splitting strength of test specimens.
- BS EN 12390-5:2019, B., 2019. Testing hardened concrete Part 5: Flexural strength of test specimens.
)