Babol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Investigation of an Offset Finned Solar Air Heater Based on Energy and Exergy Performance2122206463010.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.01ENS. RaiResearch scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, NIT Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaP. ChandMechanical Engineering Department, NIT Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaS. P. SharmaMechanical Engineering Department, NIT Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaJournal Article19700101This paper represented theoretically investigation of energy and exergy performance of an offset finned solar air heater. Parametric study was done to investigate the effect of variation of offset fin parameters i.e. fins spacing (1 to 5cm) and fins height (1.8 to 5.8cm) at different mass flow rates (0.01388 to 0.0833kg/s) on the energy and exergy efficiency. The results indicated that attaching offset finned below the absorber plate at low mass flow rates can lead to noticeable enhancement of exergy efficiency. The results revealed that the trend of variation of the energy and exergy efficiencies are not the same and the exergy efficiency is the chief criterion for performance evaluation. Decreasing the fins height, reducing the fins spacing are effective at low mass flow rates, but at high mass flow rates the inverse trend is observable, such that exergy efficiency reduces sharply. The efficiencies of offset finned solar collector were compared with conventional flat-plate collectors and longitudinal fins collector.https://www.ijee.net/article_64630_c68274681909071beae341431f4b264a.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Evaluation of Methane Adsorption on the Modified Zeolite 13X2212256463110.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.02ENM. AnbiaResearch Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, IranA. SedighiResearch Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, IranS. SalehiResearch Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Farjam Street, Narmak, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101In this study nano structured zeolite 13X as adsorbent for methane gas was used. Ni and Al ions were used to modify the pores of the zeolite and the methane gas adsorption capacity was measured at room temperature and pressure between 1 to 12 bars. The textural properties and structure order of the zeolite were studied by XRD and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. Inductive coupled plasma (ICP) technique was used to determine the amounts of metals loaded on the zeolite.https://www.ijee.net/article_64631_32054885cbbeea3aa583bbae0443404d.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Performance of Closed Cylindrical Parabolic Trough Collector for Solar Thermal Application2262326463210.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.03ENH. B. KulkarniSchool of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014 (TN), India0000-0002-0580-4572Journal Article19700101A Cylindrical parabolic trough (CPT) collector of aperture width 1.03 m and length of 1.82m was designed and fabricated. CPT was covered with glass of thickness of 3 mm to avoid convective heat loss. Reflector coated with polished aluminum sheet having reflectivity 0.87 and receiver tube made of mild steelcoated with black zinc having absorptivity of 0.94 were used for CPT. mass flow rate of working fluid was 4 l/h. Thermal performance of CPT collector was tested according to ASHRAE Standardmethods. Average instantaneous efficiency of closed cylindrical parabolic trough collector system was found to be 66%. The overall efficiency of CPT system is 71% which is best suited for solar thermal applications.https://www.ijee.net/article_64632_77a3860de52ec51edf5a81b81d9c9e2e.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Prediction of the Effects of Combustion–Generated Pollutant on Human Health: Mathematical Models and Numerical Solutions2332426463310.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.04ENM. G. SobamowoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, NigeriaJournal Article19700101The rapid increase in technological innovations and utilizations have adversely affected the environment and consequently continued to constitute a threat to the future survival of human. To counter these assaults and the threats of further degradation of the environment and human health, the basic recommended approach for predicting the impact of the pollution and for the determination of the risk assessment strategies is through the use of mathematical models. Therefore, this work presents mathematical models for the prediction of the effects of combustion generated pollutants, such as Carbon-monoxide (CO) on human health. The developed coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equation for the ambient concentration of carbon mono-oxide in which the human subject was exposed to and the concentration of Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in the blood is solved numerically using Alternating-Direct Implicit (ADI) scheme. From the computations, the variables of the models show significant results in their variations and the standard error of the predicted results from the model range in between 0.5-0.85 for the different concentrations of ambient carbon monoxide. This established that the computed results show good agreement with available experimental data. Therefore, the model can be used as a means of controlling the effects of the pollutant on human health and the results will serve as a way of evaluating our technological injuries, effectively controlling our pollutants emissions and also as a tool for designing and developing better equipments and engines with lower carbon or pollutants emissions.https://www.ijee.net/article_64633_a1171d7782c74b2e84623121a3031dd6.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Steam Explosion as the Pretreatment Method for Ethanol Production from Orange Peel Waste2432466463410.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.05ENJ. M. PatraDepartment of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada, IndiaS. S. PandaEnvironment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar, IndiaN. K. DhalEnvironment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar, IndiaJournal Article19700101Citrus fruits world production is estimated to be over 88 million tons per year, and oranges alone account for about 55% of such amount. Orange peel waste (OPW) is the solid residue of membranes, cores, juice sacs, etc which represents over 50% of the processed fruits. Its disposal is of great concern from the environmental point of view. Due to the large availability and composition rich in the present investigation was focused on the production of ethanol from OPW which will be an economic, environmental friendly and efficient approach. Strains of <em>Aspergillus niger</em> and <em>Saccharamyces cerevisiae</em> was used for hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated orange waste, respectively. Spectrometry scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the sample. Sugar percentage was found to be 3.64 in pretreated sample after 24 hours, which is responsible for the yield of ethanol (6.17 v/v). The results indicated that orange peel can be used as a good low cost alternative feedstock for ethanol production.https://www.ijee.net/article_64634_aecd60c19f63cb8db33bc6b70ab0db48.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Heavy Metal Remediation Potential of a Tropical Wetland Earthworm, Libyodrilus violaceus (Beddard)2472546463510.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.06ENE. O. DadaDepartment of Cell Biology and Genetics (Environmental Biology Unit), University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria0000-0002-6004-6719K. L. NjokuDepartment of Cell Biology and Genetics (Environmental Biology Unit), University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, NigeriaA. A. OsuntokiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, NigeriaM. O. AkinolaDepartment of Cell Biology and Genetics (Environmental Biology Unit), University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, NigeriaJournal Article19700101Wetlands play important strategic ecological and life-supporting roles. As a result, they are continuously exposed to pollutants inflow including heavy metals. The aim of this research was to evaluate the heavy metal remediation potential of a tropical wetland earthworm, <em>Libyodrilus</em> <em>violaceus</em>. <em>L</em>. <em>violaceus</em> were exposed to soils contaminated with different concentrations of heavy metals using natural optimal soil density of 18 worms per kg soil, for 12 weeks. Relative to their initial concentrations, there were significant reductions of Zn, Pb and Cd at the end of the experiment. From the soil contaminated with a combination of Zn, Pb and Cd, the highest significant (p < 0.05) Cd reduction of 8.08 mg/kg soil occurred in the 12<sup>th</sup> week, the highest significant (p < 0.05) Zn reduction of 37.47 mg/kg soil occurred in the 8<sup>th</sup> week, while Pb recorded the highest but not significant (p > 0.05) reduction of 19.07 mg/kg in the 12<sup>th</sup> week. The effect of addition of cow dung on the ability of <em>L</em>. <em>violaceus</em> to reduce heavy metals was generally low. <em>L</em>. <em>violaceus</em> is recommended as a good candidate for the remediation of low to moderate heavy metal contamination in wetland ecosystem..https://www.ijee.net/article_64635_259817e910b4c4c59849d709f45f5f30.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Investigations on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mix Oil Biodiesel Blends2552616463610.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.07ENS. MohiteDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaS. KumarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, IndiaS. MajiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, IndiaJournal Article19700101An experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends (10, 20 and 30%) obtained by mixing karanja and linseed oil and diesel. Brake thermal efficiencies of biodiesel blends were found to be comparable with diesel with a slight reduction. BSEC increased with the proportions of biodiesel in biodiesel blends. B30 was found to cause the lowest HC emissions and the lowest CO emissions and diesel was found to deliver the lowest NOx emissions among the fuels used at all loads. Considerable reduction up to 37.32 % was found in smoke opacity of biodiesel blends. The study revealed that 10% biodiesel blend can be effectively used in an unmodified diesel engine.https://www.ijee.net/article_64636_606899e0e536ca1373dac915e3d4275b.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Trend of Six Physiochemical Water Quality Parameters between 2012 and 2015 of the Marang River, Terengganu, Malaysia2622676463710.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.08ENN. HairomaEast Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI),Universiti Sultan ZainalAbidin, Gong Badak Campus,21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MalaysiaM. G. BarzaniEast Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI),Universiti Sultan ZainalAbidin, Gong Badak Campus,21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MalaysiaFaculty of Bio Resources and Food IndustriesUniversiti Sultan ZainalAbidin, Tembila Campus22200 Besut, Terengganu, MalaysiaM. E. TorimanEast Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI),Universiti Sultan ZainalAbidin, Gong Badak Campus,21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, MalaysiaFaculty of Bio Resources and Food IndustriesUniversiti Sultan ZainalAbidin, Tembila Campus22200 Besut, Terengganu, MalaysiaJournal Article19700101An environmental study was carried out at Marang River, Terengganu on determination of river water quality trend variations temporally and spatially at seven sampling stations between 2012 and 2015. Sampling stations were selected along the river started from downstream to upstream; where each station was 2km apart from each other. Sampling was done twice at each sampling stations which were during low and high tides in November 2012 and also was repeated in November 2015. Both samplings were conducted during Northeast monsoon period. Selected water quality parameters such as salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and turbidity were measured using certified scientific instruments. One way ANOVA and Tukey Kramer multiple comparison were used for statistical analysis. This study revealed that there is significant temporal variation in DO and turbidity which was increased from downstream to upstream between 2012 and 2015 due to the increase of land use activities; while other parameters such as EC, salinity, TDS and pH were decreased. These results were concluded that global change coupled with the enactment of heavy storm and flood phenomenon during 2014 was lead to the rising of sea level and salinity dilution of the South China Sea.https://www.ijee.net/article_64637_26d18f7b9724feca397a053524fd7a64.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides Emissions in a Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine Using Cool Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2682736463810.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.09ENM. V. KumarNIT Warangal, Research scholar, mechanical department, Warangal, telangana-506004, IndiaA. V. BabuNIT Warangal, Assistant professor, mechanical department, Warangal, telangana-506004, IndiaP. R. KumarNIT Warangal, Professor, mechanical department, Warangal, telangana-506004, IndiaB. NarendraNIT Warangal, M-tech, mechanical department, Warangal, telangana-506004, IndiaJournal Article19700101In various countries around the world, the emissions of NO<sub>X</sub> from petrol/gasoline and diesel engine vehicles are restricted by legislation. NO<sub>X</sub> is produced in the combustion chamber of engines at high temperatures and high pressure. One of the most promising technology for effective control of NO<sub>X</sub> emissions is Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and now most modern engines require exhaust gas recirculation to meet emission standards. EGR lowers the presence of oxygen concentration and burn temperature in the combustion chamber and hence controls the NO<sub>x</sub>. The experimentation was carried out on a 5.2 kW of single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engines in computerized mode to investigate the performance, emissions and combustion parameters at different EGR ratios (10, 20 and 30%). From the results, O<sub>2, </sub>NO<sub>X </sub>and exhaust temperatures are found to be reduced whereas HC and CO emissions are increased as the EGR concentration increases.https://www.ijee.net/article_64638_2f27faea3cd2d636308759c84f2570ae.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701BaBiO3 Assisted Photodegradation of Malachite Green Dye Under Visible Light Irradiation: Adsorption and Degradation Kinetics2742816463910.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.10ENK. SharmaDepartment of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Kota 324001, IndiaS. JainDepartment of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Kota 324001, IndiaU. ChandrawatDepartment of Chemistry, Govt. P.G. College, Kota 324001, IndiaJournal Article19700101Nano sized BaBiO<sub>3</sub> is prepared through Pechini method and characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, DT-TGA and UV DRS. The kinetic studies of adsorption and degradation phenomena involved in the photocatalytic degradation of Malachite Green dye using a batch reactor under visible light were investigated. Experiments were performed in a suspended BaBiO<sub>3 </sub>photocatalyst system. The effect of catalyst loading, solution pH and initial dye concentration on dye degradation is investigated. In addition, adsorption experiment is also performed which indicates that adsorption pattern follows Langmuir model. The decomposition of Malachite Green dye follows pseudo first order kinetics and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism is found to be valid. Different kinetic parameters for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of dye are also determined.https://www.ijee.net/article_64639_165199703fdf08a57b10da93f85f988c.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Lignin Decolorization and Degradation of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent by Ligninolytic Bacteria2822936464010.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.11ENA. K. OjhaEnvironmental Health & Safety Department, Leayan Global Pvt. Ltd., Kanpur- 208012, IndiaM. TiwariDepartment of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow-226021, IndiaEnvironmental Monitoring Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M.G. Marg, Lucknow-226001, IndiaJournal Article19700101The aim of this research work is to isolate bacterial strains with high potential in the degradation and decolorization of lignocellulose compounds of paper mill effluent. Four bacterial strains were isolated from marine sediments and they were screened to their ability to degrade the lignin and decolorize the Century pulp and paper mill effluent. Among four bacterial strains, three bacterial strains <em>Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus endo-phyticus, Bacillus</em> sp. were capable of ligninolytic activity. Consortium made by these bacterial strains enhances the degradation of lignin as well as decolorization. Various nitrogen source, carbon source, pH, temperature and low molecular weight organic acids were used in the optimization process of decolorization and degradation of lignin in paper mill effluent. Maximum decolorization 68.29% was found at pH 7.92, temperature 33°C, in the presence of glucose (as carbon source) 0.99% and yeast extract (as nitrogen source) 0.36% when it was optimized through response surface methodology.https://www.ijee.net/article_64640_e93fd0936b664ecb0a103558f4091a58.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Bulk Liquid Membrane Process for The Transport and Kinetics Study of Malachite Green From Textile Wastewater2943036464110.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.12ENM. SathyaPG& Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-05, IndiaG. MuthuramanPG& Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-05, IndiaS. ElumalaiPG& Research Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Chennai-05, IndiaJournal Article19700101A bulk liquid membrane (BLM) system contained Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant was used for transport of malachite green (MG) dye from textile wastewater. D2EHPA present in n-hexane is an effective, efficient and highly selective carrier for the transport of MG dye through BLM. Maximum transport 88% was observed at 0.24M concentration of D2EHPA in the membrane phase and 7 moles concentration of acetic acid in the receiving phase after 300 min. The effect of parameters influencing the transport of MG dye such as pH and concentration of dye in the donor solution, extractant concentration in the membrane phase, nature of the organic solvent, the composition of receiving phase, stirring speed and kinetics parameter were elucidated. First order irreversible reaction kinetics k<sub>1</sub> and k<sub>2</sub> were applied for the transport of MG dye from aqueous phase BLM phase and BLM to acceptor phase. The accumulation of MG in BLM phase and the rate controlling step under different experimental conditions were also discussed. Finally, the proposed liquid membrane was effectively applied for MG dye transport from textile wastewater.https://www.ijee.net/article_64641_50566e5c650cd310a5b9c5bd100f5974.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Adsorption of CO2 on Zeolite 13X Prepared from Modified Natural Iranian Kaolin3043076464210.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.13ENV. GarshasbiFaculty of Oil, Gas and Chemical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, IranM. JahangiriFaculty of Oil, Gas and Chemical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, IranM. AnbiaResearch Laboratory of Nanoporous Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, FarjamStreet, Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, IranJournal Article19700101Synthesis of zeolite 13X from modified natural Iranian kaolin at 65˚C for 72 h at various concentration of NaOH solution was investigated. Metakaolinization process was done at 900˚C for 2 h. NaOH solution with different concentrations, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4 M were separately mixed with metakaolins. A mixture of zeolite 13X, A, quartz and hydroxysodalite (HS) was obtained. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared zeolite 13X has been used to study the adsorption of carbon dioxide, and the results are compared with commercial zeolite 13X.https://www.ijee.net/article_64642_950c1687552f89455623605ba4da8e3e.pdfBabol Noshirvani University of TechnologyIranica Journal of Energy & Environment2079-21157320160701Synthesis of Biodiesel from Palm Kernel Oil Using Mixed Clay-Eggshell Heterogeneous Catalysts3083146464310.5829/idosi.ijee.2016.07.03.14ENM. A. OlutoyeDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, NigeriaO. D. AdeniyiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, NigeriaA. S. YusuffDepartment of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, NigeriaJournal Article19700101The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of clay to eggshell on mass basis. The resulting mixtures were oven dried at 120 <sup>0</sup>C and calcined in the furnance at 900 <sup>0</sup>C for 4 hours. The uncalcined raw clay sample was characterized via the X-ray fluorescence method while the as-synthesized catalyst samples were characterized via the Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of the as-synthesized catalysts was tested in transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) via a 2 level factorial experimental design optimizing four variables including reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst loading in which case the yield was the required response. The 50-50 catalyst attained a maximum yield of 56.2% at 70 <sup>0</sup>C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 5 wt.% compared to the 65.2% achieved with the 80-20 catalyst at 90 <sup>0</sup>C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min., catalyst loading of 5 wt% and the 70.7% obtained for the 20-80 catalyst at 70 <sup>0</sup>C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, thus, indicating mixed effect of variables as fully discussed. The developed catalysts were found to be good for biodiesel production and have the ability of improved performance.https://www.ijee.net/article_64643_ab103dc8d05a340a8a4407a46f87bf92.pdf