Energy
N. Momen; H. Pahlavanzadeh
Abstract
Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence ...
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Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence of commercial calcium oxide as the catalyst. In addition, the time-consuming and costly calcination step was omitted and a deep eutectic co-solvent of choline chloride/glycerol (2:1) was used to activate the catalyst. The catalyst characterization was studied using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). To ensure the formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), the purity of FAME in the produced biodiesel was calculated using gas chromatography method. Then, the effect of two reaction parameters of the catalyst and the DES concentration on the FAME purity was investigated at a constant temperature of 65 °C, stirring speed of 500 rpm, reaction time of 180 minutes and the methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.5:1. Finally, the optimal catalyst and the DES concentration were obtained as 10% and 14%, respectively. The effect of temperature and time on the FAME purity was investigated and a kinetic study of the reaction suggested a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.0311 at 65 °C and activation energy of 22.45 kJ/mol.
M. Helmi; A. Hemmati; K. Tahvildari
Abstract
The transesterification of Amygdalus scoparia oil to biodiesel was performed and examined through the electrolysis method in the presence of KOH/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. A KOH/Al2O3 as solid base catalyst was prepared through the impregnation of Al2O3 with KOH solution (concentration ...
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The transesterification of Amygdalus scoparia oil to biodiesel was performed and examined through the electrolysis method in the presence of KOH/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous catalyst at room temperature. A KOH/Al2O3 as solid base catalyst was prepared through the impregnation of Al2O3 with KOH solution (concentration of 25g in 100 mL deionized water). The catalyst was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The transesterification key variables such as reaction time, methanol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst weight were optimized by applying the central composite design (CCD) approach. The maximum yield of 94% was obtained at the methanol to oil ratio of 10:1, catalyst weight of 1.6 wt/v%, voltage of 10 V, a reaction time of 2.30 h, 10 wt% acetone at room temperature (25 ᵒC). The characterizations of Amygdalus scoparia oil and biodiesel were specified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses.
R. Farzandi; H. Nayebzadeh; M. Hokmabadi; N. Saghatoleslami
Abstract
The effect of cultivation culture on the biodiesel yield produced from in-situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was assessed. Firstly, the algae were cultivated in Moh202, sterilized wastewater (SW), unsterilized wastewater (USW) mediums. It was found that around ten days were suitable ...
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The effect of cultivation culture on the biodiesel yield produced from in-situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was assessed. Firstly, the algae were cultivated in Moh202, sterilized wastewater (SW), unsterilized wastewater (USW) mediums. It was found that around ten days were suitable to receive maximized growth of microalgae; while, maximum and minimum growth was detected in Moh202 and SW media. Before assessment, the effect of cultivation medium on the biodiesel content, the transesterification reaction conditions such as catalyst (NaOH) concentration, reaction time and amount of methanol were investigated by algae cultivated in Moh202 medium via fractional factorial design as statistical methodology. In the range of the study, catalyst concentration and reaction time were the most important effective parameters on the biodiesel yield. Moreover, the interaction between reaction time with catalyst concentration and amount of methanol was also important. In short reaction time and its interaction with catalyst concentration had positive effect, while catalyst concentration, amount of methanol and interaction of reaction time and amount of methanol had negative impact on the biodiesel yield. The yields of the algae cultivated in Moh202, sterilized and unsterilized wastewater media at the optimum conditions of 1 wt.% of catalyst, 9 mL methanol/g biomass and reaction time of 4 hours were 95.5%, 83.9% and 75.5%, respectively. Although the difference between biodiesel yields of Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae cultivated in the wastewater medium compared to sterilized wastewater medium was observed, wastewater can be used as a medium for cultivation of algae for biodiesel production to reduce the biodiesel production costs.
E. O. Ajala; F. Aberuagba; M. A. Ajala; A. M. Ayanshola; T. D. Akpenpuun
Abstract
Shea biodiesel (SBD) was produced and blended with diesel at various proportions to produce 100B (SBD), 75B, 50B, 25B, and D (diesel) as fuel types. The SBD and other fuel types were characterised by ASTM standard methods for its physicochemical properties. The fuel types were used in a compression ignition ...
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Shea biodiesel (SBD) was produced and blended with diesel at various proportions to produce 100B (SBD), 75B, 50B, 25B, and D (diesel) as fuel types. The SBD and other fuel types were characterised by ASTM standard methods for its physicochemical properties. The fuel types were used in a compression ignition engine (CIE) to test for its fuel consumption, (FC) specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust temperature (ET) and emission characteristics hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The physicochemical properties of SBD in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cloud and pour points, and cetane number were 884.7 kg/m3, 5.69 mm2/s, 165 oC, 12 oC, 9 oC and 55, respectively; while those of diesel were 860.4 kg/m3, 2.6 mm2/s, 73 oC, 2.4 oC, -9 oC and 49, respectively. The results were within the range of the standard. The results obtained at 12 Nm torque for SFC, FC, BTE, and ET for SBD were 0.21 kg/kW.h, 0.71 kg/h, 12.69%, and 365 oC, respectively, while those of diesel were 0.31 kg/kW.h, 1.12 kg/h, 8.46%, and 330 oC, respectively. These results show that the SBD and diesel possessed similarity in terms of performance. The SBD is environmentally friendly compared to diesel. This study shows that the SBD possessed quality alternative replacement to diesel suitable for a CIE.
Renewable Energy
I. V. Priya; S. V. A. R. Sastry; A. Sahoo
Abstract
Sustainable energy source and pollution free environment is the immediate requirement of developing countries. Waste cooking oils of five different origins were considered in the present work for biodiesel production. Attempt was made to study the effect of process variables on acid-catalyzed oil transesterification. ...
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Sustainable energy source and pollution free environment is the immediate requirement of developing countries. Waste cooking oils of five different origins were considered in the present work for biodiesel production. Attempt was made to study the effect of process variables on acid-catalyzed oil transesterification. The various parameters such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of alcohol, and free fatty acids were analyzed to determine the optimum condition for biodiesel production. Food grade coconut, mustard, olive, peanut and soybean waste cooking oils were used to produce biodiesel. Attempt was made to develop mathematical expressions by correlating different input parameters and yield of biodiesel obtained with all the five oil samples. The experimental yield was also compared with those obtained from developed correlations. Good agreement among experimental and theoretical values was observed which implies that this study maybe considered as a base line for the development of an optimum biodiesel production plant.
T. O. Salawudeen; K. K. Salam; A. O. Arinkoola; E. O. Dada; O. O. Oniya; I. Adewale
Abstract
Utilization of locally sourced materials promote raw materials Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with ethanol in the presence of non-synthetic heterogeneous catalyst (combination of KOH/metaKaolin). The process parameters investigated are catalyst (1-6 g), ethanol ...
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Utilization of locally sourced materials promote raw materials Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with ethanol in the presence of non-synthetic heterogeneous catalyst (combination of KOH/metaKaolin). The process parameters investigated are catalyst (1-6 g), ethanol (10-25 wt% ethanol/%wt PKO), reaction temperature (30-120 oC) and reaction time, (60-100 min). These parameters were considered for optimization using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (CCD) for yield of biodiesel produced. The optimum yield of biodiesel of 96.00% was obtained using the optimized numerical values of 17.50% ethanol (by mass of PKO) and 3.50 g catalyst at 75.00 oC for 80.00 min. The viscosity (4.84 mm2/s), specific gravity (0.86), pour point (+5.00 oC), flash point (178.00 oC), and cloud point (+8.00 oC) of the biodiesel obtained at optimum condition compared favorably with ASTM standards. It was inferred from the research that biodiesel with suitable fuel properties can be produced from PKO using non-synthetic KOH impregnated on Kaolin with ethanol extracted from agricultural based raw materials.
A. Hasheminezhad; S. J. Hashemi; R. Tabatabaie
Abstract
Today, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil due to its renewability, low cost of production and also low pollution become more popular. In this research, the factors affecting the production of biodiesel by trans-esterification method from waste cooking oil were evaluated. For this purpose, ...
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Today, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil due to its renewability, low cost of production and also low pollution become more popular. In this research, the factors affecting the production of biodiesel by trans-esterification method from waste cooking oil were evaluated. For this purpose, a batch reactor which equipped with a mechanical stirrer, was designed and constructed. Waste cooking oil as feedstock and methanol is used with 1:6 molar ratio in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to 1% by weight of waste cooking oil used. In order to optimize the production process, these three parameters including rate of stirring at 3 levels (450, 550 and 650 rpm), temperature at four levels (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and reaction time at 6 levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) were considered. The results indicated, more than 90% of ester conversion occurred in the first 30 minutes and biodiesel production increased and reached its maximum amount at stirring speed of 650 rpm and also the highest rate of esters conversion occurred at 60 ?. Thus, 60 °C for reaction temperature and 650 rpm for stirring speed at 30 min are optimum production condition in order to reach the most amount of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a batch stirred tank reactor.
H. Joardar; M. K. Parida; A. K. Rout; I. Routaray
Abstract
In the present study the methyl ester of argemone oil, prepared by two step transesterification process due to its high acid value was experimented, in a variable compression ratio (VCR) multi-fuel engine to evaluate the combustion parameters like in cylinder pressure (Pr), net heat release rate (NHRR) ...
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In the present study the methyl ester of argemone oil, prepared by two step transesterification process due to its high acid value was experimented, in a variable compression ratio (VCR) multi-fuel engine to evaluate the combustion parameters like in cylinder pressure (Pr), net heat release rate (NHRR) and cumulative heat release rate (CHRR). For the current analysis engine load, compression ratio and bio-diesel blends are taken as input parameters. The mathematical models were developed and statistical significance was checked using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A second order model is developed and is found to be adequate by ANOVA results. The validation of the model is carried out by comparing the predicated values of output responses with that of experimental results.
M. Mohammadpour; G. D. Najafpour; M. Rahimnejad; M. Kiakojouri
Abstract
In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite catalyst was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite ...
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In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite catalyst was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite was used in transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in abatch catalytic process.In transesterification of rapeseed oil, the catalyticactivities of HZSM5, NaZSM5, KZSM5 were considered. The prepared catalysts were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and also the surface image was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting on biodiesel yield at optimum reaction conditions were investigated. The maximum yield was achieved with 8wt% of NaOH loaded on HZSM5 at reaction temperature of 65˚C, reaction time of 12 hours and catalyst/oil mass ratio of 9. Also the yield of CaO loaded with impregnation at high temperature was more desired than CaO loaded with microwave. Meanwhile the catalytic activity of HZSM5, NaZSM5 and KZSM5 was nearly zero; and the catalytic activity of modified zeolite was HZSM5>NaZSM5>KZSM5 subsequently.
A. K. Yadav
Abstract
Day by day the energy consumption is very rapidly increasing. The world’s fossil fuel supply will be depleted in future. The rate of energy consumption is increasing the supply is depleted resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called the energy crisis. Alternate or renewable energy ...
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Day by day the energy consumption is very rapidly increasing. The world’s fossil fuel supply will be depleted in future. The rate of energy consumption is increasing the supply is depleted resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called the energy crisis. Alternate or renewable energy resources are very essential to develop for future energy requirement. Biodiesel is the best alternative to petro-diesel. The present research work deals with the production of biodiesel from Kusum oil. Kusum oil methyl ester (KOME) was produced using a two-stage esterification cum transesterification process on account of the high free fatty acid (FFA) contents of the oil. From the above study it may be concluded that Kusum oil is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production and may be the best alternative of petro-diesel The biodiesel property of Kusum oil methyl ester (KOME) has been characterized and it shows that KOME meets the properties of biodiesel as stated in ASTM/EN standards.
S. Mohite; S. Kumar; S. Maji
Abstract
An experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends (10, 20 and 30%) obtained by mixing karanja and linseed oil and diesel. Brake thermal efficiencies of biodiesel blends were found to ...
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An experimental investigation was carried out to analyze the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends (10, 20 and 30%) obtained by mixing karanja and linseed oil and diesel. Brake thermal efficiencies of biodiesel blends were found to be comparable with diesel with a slight reduction. BSEC increased with the proportions of biodiesel in biodiesel blends. B30 was found to cause the lowest HC emissions and the lowest CO emissions and diesel was found to deliver the lowest NOx emissions among the fuels used at all loads. Considerable reduction up to 37.32 % was found in smoke opacity of biodiesel blends. The study revealed that 10% biodiesel blend can be effectively used in an unmodified diesel engine.
M. A. Olutoye; O. D. Adeniyi; A. S. Yusuff
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of ...
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The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of clay to eggshell on mass basis. The resulting mixtures were oven dried at 120 0C and calcined in the furnance at 900 0C for 4 hours. The uncalcined raw clay sample was characterized via the X-ray fluorescence method while the as-synthesized catalyst samples were characterized via the Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of the as-synthesized catalysts was tested in transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) via a 2 level factorial experimental design optimizing four variables including reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst loading in which case the yield was the required response. The 50-50 catalyst attained a maximum yield of 56.2% at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 5 wt.% compared to the 65.2% achieved with the 80-20 catalyst at 90 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min., catalyst loading of 5 wt% and the 70.7% obtained for the 20-80 catalyst at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, thus, indicating mixed effect of variables as fully discussed. The developed catalysts were found to be good for biodiesel production and have the ability of improved performance.
