Energy
Hadi Farzan; Mohammad Hossein Shahsavari
Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 February 2024
Abstract
This study analyzes the thermal efficiency of a new perforated cross-flow solar air heater (SAH) integrated with encapsulated phase change material (PCM) by using an experimnetal method. Since SAHs represent low thermal efficiencies, this study introduces a novel SAH that uses two methods to address ...
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This study analyzes the thermal efficiency of a new perforated cross-flow solar air heater (SAH) integrated with encapsulated phase change material (PCM) by using an experimnetal method. Since SAHs represent low thermal efficiencies, this study introduces a novel SAH that uses two methods to address this problem: the perforated absorber with cross-flow configuration and encapsulated latent heat storage (PCM) units. The perforated cross-flow configuration improves the turbulence and, consequently, the heat exchange rate in SAHs and improves instantaneous efficiency. PCM units store thermal energy, prolong the operating period, and increase long-term efficiency. To perform thermal analysis, a perforated SAH with encapsulated PCM units was fabricated and tested outdoors at mair = of 0.012 kg/s and 0.024 kg/s in autumn while ambient and operating parameters were monitored. The experimental data reveal that the outlet temperature reaches the peak value of 38 oC and 32 oC at mair = 0.012 kg/s and 0.024 kg/s, respectively, 12 oC and 6 oC higher than the ambient temperature. During the day, the charge/discharge process occurs in the encapsulated PCM units, avoids sharp temperature gradients and flattens the outlet and absorber temperatures’ profiles. The fabricated SAH reaches the highest thermal efficiency of nearly 83.7% at mair = 0.024 kg/s, which is a suitable value compared to common SAHs.
Energy
N. Mirrashid; S. M. Rakhtala
Abstract
In this paper, a feasibility study is conducted on a photovoltaic-low-speed wind turbine-battery zero-energy building for a 175 m2 residential house in Gorgan. First, the climatological data of Gorgan City related to the amount of solar radiation and wind speed for the past 50 years have been extracted ...
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In this paper, a feasibility study is conducted on a photovoltaic-low-speed wind turbine-battery zero-energy building for a 175 m2 residential house in Gorgan. First, the climatological data of Gorgan City related to the amount of solar radiation and wind speed for the past 50 years have been extracted and then they are analyzed annually, monthly, and hourly using Climate Consultant software to check how Renewable resources can be used to produce clean energy. To determine the number of devices required, the annual energy requirement of the residential unit should be estimated. For this purpose, the power and energy consumption of the residential unit has been estimated based on its consumption data in the last year and analyzed using RETScreen1 software. The designed zero energy system has energy exchange with the grid and sends excess energy to it. The results of climate data analysis show that there is a possibility of wind and solar energy efficiency in this region. Although the price of energy in the region is low, due to economic efficiency, the lack of non-renewable energy resources, and the need to replace these resources, the use of wind turbines and solar panels to supply the required electrical energy is necessary.
Energy
N. Momen; H. Pahlavanzadeh
Abstract
Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence ...
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Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence of commercial calcium oxide as the catalyst. In addition, the time-consuming and costly calcination step was omitted and a deep eutectic co-solvent of choline chloride/glycerol (2:1) was used to activate the catalyst. The catalyst characterization was studied using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). To ensure the formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), the purity of FAME in the produced biodiesel was calculated using gas chromatography method. Then, the effect of two reaction parameters of the catalyst and the DES concentration on the FAME purity was investigated at a constant temperature of 65 °C, stirring speed of 500 rpm, reaction time of 180 minutes and the methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.5:1. Finally, the optimal catalyst and the DES concentration were obtained as 10% and 14%, respectively. The effect of temperature and time on the FAME purity was investigated and a kinetic study of the reaction suggested a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.0311 at 65 °C and activation energy of 22.45 kJ/mol.
Energy
I. Pishkar; S. M. Beigi
Abstract
With sensitive and important systems in hospitals requiring an uninterrupted power supply, finding solutions for power outages is becoming increasingly crucial. Iran's favorable potential for renewable energy makes wind and solar energy viable options to support hospital electricity needs and contribute ...
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With sensitive and important systems in hospitals requiring an uninterrupted power supply, finding solutions for power outages is becoming increasingly crucial. Iran's favorable potential for renewable energy makes wind and solar energy viable options to support hospital electricity needs and contribute to sustainable development goals. The present work investigates, for the first time, the electricity supply of a part of the Parsian Hospital in Shahrekord using HOMER software. The use of real electricity exchange data with the national grid and the new generation of tree-shaped wind turbines are unique advantages. Results show that an optimal renewable energy-based system consisting of two 1-kW solar cells and a 1-kW electric converter costs $0.111 per kWh and solar cells generate 3% or 2999 kWh/year. The optimal scenario produces 55193 kg of CO2 annually due to national grid electricity use, highlighting the importance of renewable energy adoption in hospitals.
Energy
A. W. Tahiru; S. U. Takal; E. D. Sunkari; S. Ampofo
Abstract
Although Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, access to sustainable energy and cutting-edge clean energy technology remains a major concern. The government is making significant efforts to generate renewable energy and provide more access to its citizens. Despite this, traditional ...
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Although Ethiopia is one of the world's fastest-growing economies, access to sustainable energy and cutting-edge clean energy technology remains a major concern. The government is making significant efforts to generate renewable energy and provide more access to its citizens. Despite this, traditional fuels (charcoal, fuel wood, dung cakes, and agricultural waste) account for around 87 percent of Ethiopia's energy use, and they pose a range of health and environmental risks. Solar, hydro, wind, and geothermal resources abound in the nation, but only 5% of the country's total hydroelectric capacity is being used; while, the rest is either underutilized or underdeveloped. An in-depth look at Ethiopia's renewable energy potential, as well as the opportunities and problems it faces, is presented in this review. With a combined installed capacity of over 7000 MW, hydropower and wind power are the most promising renewable energy sources in Ethiopia as of yet. It is hoped that this assessment will shed light on how Ethiopia can harness and maximize the use of its abundant renewable energy sources.
Energy
A. Haghani; M. Jahangiri; R. Riahi; M. Golali Jonaghani; A. Baharizadeh
Abstract
The use of fossil fuels leads to greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and secondary consequences such as desertification and winds in the Middle East and Africa, including Egypt. The use of renewable energy is the most appropriate solution to prevent the emission of polluting gases. Egypt is one ...
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The use of fossil fuels leads to greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and secondary consequences such as desertification and winds in the Middle East and Africa, including Egypt. The use of renewable energy is the most appropriate solution to prevent the emission of polluting gases. Egypt is one of the best places to use solar water heating systems, located in the solar belt. In this paper, for the first time, the best place to use solar water heater (SWH) systems is examined using TSOL 2018 R(1) software and climate data for residential apartments in 35 stations in Egypt. The results showed that Sharm el sheikh station with supplies 96.8% of its total heat needs is the most suitable station for using solar water heating systems. According to the studies performed, using solar water heaters in the studied stations generated good energy savings annually (production of 134.5 GWh of solar heat). Also, greenhouse gas emissions were significantly reduced (preventing the emission of about 39.2 tons of CO2 pollutants per year) and as a result, the government should turn to the use of clean and renewable energy.
Energy
M. R. Hayati; S. Ranjbar; M. R. Abdar; M. Molaei Nasab; S. Homayounmajd; M. Esmaeili Shayan
Abstract
With countries throughout middle east and north Africa pursuing ambitious targets for a transition to renewable energies, the political economy of a region predominantly analyzed through the prism of fossil fuels is on the verge of radical change. As hydrocarbon prices decline, the low-cost producers ...
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With countries throughout middle east and north Africa pursuing ambitious targets for a transition to renewable energies, the political economy of a region predominantly analyzed through the prism of fossil fuels is on the verge of radical change. As hydrocarbon prices decline, the low-cost producers of Middle East have an advantage and should be the last to leave the market. The world will demand proportionally more of the region’s oil and gas. Nearly half of the world's oil is located in Middle East, which has long been referred to as the "energy axis" of the planet. In the meanwhile, as the nations of this area progress towards the future, they have realized the need of supplying energy from these other sources, such that the utilization of renewable energy sources, such as the sun, has attracted considerable interest. This study analyzed and assessed these attractions in addition to five middle eastern nations and Turkey, which is located in middle east, close proximity to this area. The approach of comparing government incentives in the development of renewable power plants was used in this study. The final findings revealed the current status of this energy in the target nations. This study may give the target countries and other nations in the middle east with a wealth of information for the formulation of effective policies for the use of renewable resources.
Energy
N. Deb; M. Z. Alam; T. Rahman; M. S. Jami; M. F. Bt. Mansor; H. B. A. Tajuddin
Abstract
The world's most economically developed countries are facing an energy crisis caused by geopolitical instability, rising energy costs, global stock disruptions, and a shift towards low-carbon energy sources that has yet to be fully realized. Electrification of the transportation industry offers the advantages ...
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The world's most economically developed countries are facing an energy crisis caused by geopolitical instability, rising energy costs, global stock disruptions, and a shift towards low-carbon energy sources that has yet to be fully realized. Electrification of the transportation industry offers the advantages of increased energy efficiency and reduced local pollutants. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are environmentally friendly because they reduce fossil fuels usage even zero consumption, need fewer maintenance requirements, and lower operating costs than the vehicles powered by gasoline or diesel. However, this study focuses on comparing various energy management strategies (EMS) for a backup energy supply system for EVs. The hybrid power system (HPS) considered in this study includes DC-DC and DC-AC synchronous converters, as well as supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. The EMS analyzed includes state machine control, classical proportional-integral control, equivalent consumption minimization, frequency decoupling, rule-based fuzzy logic, and fuzzy logic control. The HPS's efficiency, hydrogen fuel, supercapacitor or battery state of charge levels, and overall performance are evaluated as primary efficiency criteria. Additionally, the HPS not only increases system energy but also reduces the number of pack batteries required. This study designs and constructs the combined power systems to enhance EV power schemes with rechargeable battery power supplies. The results show that a 6-kW fuel cell hybrid increases the power system capacity to 408 kWh. Moreover, a novel method based on wavelet transforms of the instantaneous power of each energy source is used to quantify the stressors on each energy source that impact its life cycle. To validate all analyses and performance, a simulation model and an experimental test bench are created. Finally, simulation results demonstrate a synchronous converter with a 6-kW output power and 96% efficiency, validating the optimization results.
Energy
S. Naranjo-Silva; D. Punina-Guerrero; J. Barros-Enriquez; J. Almeida-Dominguez; J. Alvarez del Castillo
Abstract
The present manuscript aims to identify the advantages and consequences of hydropower development, showing a view of trends finding the status and situation in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. This study uses a non-experimental methodology based on a comprehensive literature review of relevant papers retrieved ...
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The present manuscript aims to identify the advantages and consequences of hydropower development, showing a view of trends finding the status and situation in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. This study uses a non-experimental methodology based on a comprehensive literature review of relevant papers retrieved from 41 selected papers that are summarized covering different application areas in these selected countries. In addition, the non-experimental methodology is guided by a perspective design sequential with a qualitative phase defining two indicators that do a relation between the people and the installed capacity in megawatts (MW) and energy production in gigawatts hour (GWh). The results show Colombia has the main installed capacity and energy generation per capita, followed by Ecuador, and finally, Brazil. According to the models and studies, the general hydropower potential of Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador decreases as time goes on because this renewable energy affects the water quality, interacting deeply with the surrounding environment. However, in South American countries only 34% of hydropower potential has developed.
Energy
H. Farzan; M. Mahmoudi; E. Hasan Zaim
Abstract
Solar air heaters (SAHs) have an inherent drawback: the conventional mechanism is low inside these collectors’ types. Use of perforations is a simple technique to improve convection, and this investigation experimentally assesses a novel design SAH utilizing three inclined perforated absorber plates. ...
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Solar air heaters (SAHs) have an inherent drawback: the conventional mechanism is low inside these collectors’ types. Use of perforations is a simple technique to improve convection, and this investigation experimentally assesses a novel design SAH utilizing three inclined perforated absorber plates. Two scenarios are considered to assess the dynamics and efficiency of this perforated SAH, including mair = 0.012 kg/s and 0.024 kg/s. Numerous sensors monitored the dynamics of the perforated SAH and ambient factors for 12 hours in October 2022. The experimental outcomes illustrate that the perforation method remarkably enhances the thermal efficiency of the perforated SAH compared with standard smooth SAHs. The daily thermal efficiency of the perforated SAH reaches 73.30% and 82.65%, while the outlet air temperature experiences peak values of 39 oC and 42 oC at noon and keeps within 90% of its maximum value for 2 hours for the scenarios considered. Improving the convection mechanism causes the flowing air to extract the absorber’s thermal energy more effectively. Hence the SAH can produce an airstream near its maximum temperature for an extended duration. In conclusion, the perforation method is a robust, simple method to boost the thermal efficiency of SAHs.
Energy
M. Esmaeili Shayan; M. R. Hayati
Abstract
Having kilometers of asphalt road, yet with this heat going to waste, an attempt has been made in this research to extract the road's renewable energy heat. The purpose of the experiment is to compare the energy and exergy efficiency of various materials of asphalt solar water heaters (ASWH), as well ...
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Having kilometers of asphalt road, yet with this heat going to waste, an attempt has been made in this research to extract the road's renewable energy heat. The purpose of the experiment is to compare the energy and exergy efficiency of various materials of asphalt solar water heaters (ASWH), as well as heat transmission through the water tube and how friction affects exergy destruction. The water flow rate of one ASWH was 0.01 kg/s, while that of the other was 0.02 kg/s. Each ASWH has an area of 0.5 square meters. The copper tube is buried 10 mm deep in the asphalt. 15 degrees is the angle of inclination. The results indicate that the energy and exergy efficiencies are reasonably high for the water flow rate of 0.02 kg/s. Depending on the water flow rate, asphalt temperature, and sunlight intensity, the energy and exergy efficiencies changed from 32% to 65% and 5.8% to 16%, respectively. The water flow rate is an essential parameter for estimating the internal convective heat transfer coefficient and Reynolds number in order to calculate the friction factor in the copper tube based on internal convection heat transfer. In contrast, the friction factor is a consequence of the pressure loss and exergy degradation induced by friction.
Energy
L. H. Pratomo; L. A. Matthias
Abstract
Renewable energy is energy that can be used indefinitely. As a result, renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics developed. Conventional converters, typically used to connect the microgrid to the battery, only change the voltage. To link the microgrid to the battery, bidirectional converters ...
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Renewable energy is energy that can be used indefinitely. As a result, renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics developed. Conventional converters, typically used to connect the microgrid to the battery, only change the voltage. To link the microgrid to the battery, bidirectional converters are required. A bidirectional converter is available in a variety of configurations. The control structure is highly sophisticated to obtain a satisfactory output. This article proposes a bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost converter for controlling current in DC microgrids, solar systems, and loads. A bidirectional DC-DC Buck-Boost converter is required to transmit and receive energy from the battery to the DC microgrid. When voltage is sent to the DC microgrid, the battery voltage is reduced. Otherwise, the charging voltage is increased when a battery is charged by voltage. This converter produces a better output voltage than an AC-DC Buck-Boost Converter, and its switching frequency is double that of typical converters. The modified DC-DC converter has the simplest form and the advantage of having the highest responsiveness.
Energy
S. Abbasi; S. Esmailzadeh Vali
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous effect of suction and blowing on the boundary layer and the effect of control parameters on the flow separation from a NACA 0012 airfoil is numerically analyzed. Reynolds number is considered 500000 , and the shear stress transport (SST) k-w turbulence model is used to ...
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In this study, the simultaneous effect of suction and blowing on the boundary layer and the effect of control parameters on the flow separation from a NACA 0012 airfoil is numerically analyzed. Reynolds number is considered 500000 , and the shear stress transport (SST) k-w turbulence model is used to estimate eddy viscosity. The airfoil is supposed to be 2-D. To validate the numerical results, they were compared with reported experiments. In the flow control by simultaneous suction and blowing, the location of the suction jet was 0.1 of the airfoil chord from the fixed leading edge, and that of the blowing jet was 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 of the airfoil chord from the leading edge. When the blowing location is at 0.5 of the airfoil chord, better results are observed than I n; other locations. An increase in suction jet velocity increases the lift-drag ratio between 22% and 55%. Also, increasing the blowing jet velocity increases this ratio between 43% and 55%. Horizontal blowing has the most negligible effect on improving aerodynamic characteristics. Based on the results, at the angle of attack of 16°, blowing is most effective in the flow control at with an approximate velocity of half the free stream velocity. In this condition, vertical suction has the best effect , and the lift-drag ratio will increase by 76%.
Energy
F. O. Aweda; T. K. Samson
Abstract
This current study was conducted on rainfall and air temperature data obtained from the archive of the HelioClim website to determine the relationship between the two parameters. The study aimed at the relationship between rainfall and air temperature. The data of thirty-four (34) years spanning from ...
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This current study was conducted on rainfall and air temperature data obtained from the archive of the HelioClim website to determine the relationship between the two parameters. The study aimed at the relationship between rainfall and air temperature. The data of thirty-four (34) years spanning from 1985 to 2019 was analyzed using Mann-Kendal statistics on the trend of the rainfall series while the normality of rainfall series was determined using Kolmogorov- Smirnov test across six southwest stations of Nigeria. The results revealed the highest mean rainfall in Akure (198.9 mm) while the least rainfall in Ado-Ekiti (163.4 mm). The maximum rainfall was in Abeokuta (865.8 mm) with Iwo having the highest disparity in rainfall (SD=148.8 mm) compared with other stations. The skewness in Abeokuta (Skewness = 0.9 mm) was higher compared with Ado-Ekiti, Akure, Ibadan, Ikeja and Iwo with skewness values of 0.7 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.7 mm, respectively. The maximum air temperature was recorded in Iwo (301.7 K) and the minimum air temperature in Ado-Ekiti (293.3 K). The skewness obtained in Akure (-0.2) and Ikeja (-0.3) was less than zero indicating that air temperature decreased more than it increased in these areas while in other stations, Abeokuta (0.01), Ado-Ekiti (0.22), Ibadan (0.02) and Iwo (0.24), the skewness was greater than zero meaning that air temperature increased more than it decreased in these stations.
Energy
R. Shafaghat; M. Fallahi; B. Alizadeh Kharkeshi; M. Yousefifard
Abstract
This paper has experimentally investigated the performance of a dual-chamber oscillating water columns (OWC) imposed on Caspian Sea wave’s characteristics. Experimental runs were performed for three water draft depths of 10, 15, and 20 cm and eight wave frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 Hz. Also, ...
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This paper has experimentally investigated the performance of a dual-chamber oscillating water columns (OWC) imposed on Caspian Sea wave’s characteristics. Experimental runs were performed for three water draft depths of 10, 15, and 20 cm and eight wave frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 Hz. Also, if the converter consists of only one chamber, the power generated was 75W; however, by placing the second chamber serial behind the first chamber, the converter power increased to 116 watts (55% improvements). The results showed that if the frequency of the incident wave is not in the natural frequency range, the converter performs is better at the lowest water draft depth (10 cm). Whereas if the frequency of the incident wave is in the natural frequency range, the converter will have the best performance at the maximum water draft depth (20 cm). As the power generated at a water draft depth of 10 cm increased by 3.8% compared to a water draft depth of 20 cm. But within the natural frequency range and by resonance, the power produced at a depth of 20 cm is 27.3% more than the power generated at a depth of 10 cm.
Energy
M. Esmaeili Shayan; M. R. Hayati; G. Najafi; S. Esmaeili Shayan
Abstract
Energy democracy policymakers pay attention to planning to the formation of energy markets and exchanges of energy regions, diversification of energy resources, especially renewable resources, and global challenges due to greenhouse gas emissions. Over the introduction of concepts related to sustainable ...
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Energy democracy policymakers pay attention to planning to the formation of energy markets and exchanges of energy regions, diversification of energy resources, especially renewable resources, and global challenges due to greenhouse gas emissions. Over the introduction of concepts related to sustainable development, energy planning at the international level finds its place and goals in the direction of sustainable development, i.e., economic, social, environmental, and institutional dimensions. Energy democracy designs equations of great powers over energy with the aims of Resist, Reclaim, Restructure. This research focuses on free governments and energy democracy and the integration of priorities and methods to improve energy policy and analysis. No one policy instrument in isolation significantly impacts the energy democracy agenda. instead, all policies are essential for increasing this aim. They created new policy tools, supporting efforts to end fossil fuel dependence and connecting them to renewable energy. This research provides a starting point for improving the visibility of the energy democracy movement and constructing appropriate policies for different renewable energy transition options.
Energy
M. Esmaeili Shayan; G. Najafi; B. Ghobadian; S. Gorjian
Abstract
Photovoltaic cells are a significant renewable energy source due to their cheap cost and renewability. In both warm sunny and colder and cloudier conditions, a-Si modules outperform c-Si modules on a normalized energy basis. This study investigated 1 m2 of amorphous photovoltaic silicon on curved surfaces. ...
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Photovoltaic cells are a significant renewable energy source due to their cheap cost and renewability. In both warm sunny and colder and cloudier conditions, a-Si modules outperform c-Si modules on a normalized energy basis. This study investigated 1 m2 of amorphous photovoltaic silicon on curved surfaces. The Taguchi and response surface methods were utilized to expand the model in real terms. Results demonstrated the technology gap in the use of silicon crystal photovoltaics is eliminated. The maximum power in the Taguchi method test is 59.87 W, while the minimum power is 57.84 W when the system is deployed on a flat surface, and the maximum power in the RSM Test is 61.14 W when the system is deployed on a hemispherical surface, and the minimum power is 56.6 W when the system is deployed on a flat surface. The minimal performance was 7.1% on a level surface. The flat surface produced 810 kWh, the cylindrical surface 960 kWh, and the hemisphere 1000 kWh. The NPV at Flat surface is $697.52, with a 34.81%, IRR and an 8.58-year capital return period. Hemisphere and cylindrical surfaces both get $955.18. The investment yield was 39.29% for cylindrical constructions and 40.47% for hemispheres. On the flat surface, doubling fixed investment improved IRR by 21.3%. The cylindrical system increased by 25.59% and the hemisphere by 24.58%. The developed simulation model is empirically evaluated using a MATLAB computer tool; the key findings from the validation procedure are reported in this study.
Energy
M. Esmaeili Shayan; J. Hojati
Abstract
The Photovoltaic modules installed on the surface of the water are naturally cooled, reducing the loss of thermal power generation. Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVS) combine existing photovoltaic systems with a floating structure to generate clean energy. To meet the growing electricity demand, FPV ...
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The Photovoltaic modules installed on the surface of the water are naturally cooled, reducing the loss of thermal power generation. Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVS) combine existing photovoltaic systems with a floating structure to generate clean energy. To meet the growing electricity demand, FPV systems will be integrated alongside existing dams to enhance existing power sources. The results indicate that the investment toward installing FPV systems over the dams’ reservoirs leads to a significant improvement in the overall system reliability minimizes load curtailment, and could potentially add more flexibility to the operator to dispatch power generated by hydropower plants during peak demands. The execution of the Karun-4 FPV power plant with an annual production of 16758969 kWh of energy has reduced the water evaporation of the dam's reservoir water and after eight years and four months, the investment cost was returned and its nominal performance is 81.7 percent. Adding a floating solar power plant with 10% of the lake reservoir cover of six dams saves 70.7 million cubic meters of water per year. This amount of fresh water is enough to meet the annual needs of one million people.
Energy
F. Mohammad Alinezhad
Abstract
Dezful city, located in southwest of Iran, has a hot and semi-humid climate. In the past, architectures used design solutions to provide the cold of living space. Shavadoon is one of the most important design for reaching this goal. Shavadoon is an underground space in traditional buildings of Dezful ...
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Dezful city, located in southwest of Iran, has a hot and semi-humid climate. In the past, architectures used design solutions to provide the cold of living space. Shavadoon is one of the most important design for reaching this goal. Shavadoon is an underground space in traditional buildings of Dezful city designed with a trend of respect and protection of natural environment. Shavadoon, linked with its peripheral environment, provided an appropriate space for sheltering residents in summers hot weather without a need of energy of fossil fuels. Exploring the causes of thermal comfort in this underground space with no need to non-renewable energies was the aim of this article. In this article passive cooling of shavadoon was reviewed in a descriptive and analytic procedure. Results indicated that the architectural design of shavadoon is such that cool down the shavadoon through three types of cooling including the ground cooling, cooling through ventilation and evaporative cooling.