ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Hourly Air Temperature Modeling Based on Atmospheric Pressure, Global Solar Radiation and Relative Humidity Data
This paper is focusing on hourly air temperature estimation model (MAT) using available meteorological measured data located in Laghouat (Algeria). The hourly air temperature defined by the present model can be calculated at any time of the night or the day period based on atmospheric pressure, global solar radiation and relative humidity data. This work was compared with three published models from the literature as: Wave, Idliman and Double cosine. Fifteen months of hourly atmospheric pressure, global solar radiation, relative humidity and air temperature data collected during the period (January 2015 to March 2016) were used to test the accuracy of the various models studied. The analysis of the days selected randomly showed that the MAT model gave substantially good fit to the observed data. The RMSE of the MAT model is less than 0.5 oC during all the period of study than the other models studied ranged in the interval (2 oC, 4 oC). The estimated results are compared to the measured ones by using statistical parameters tests such as the mean bias error (MBE), the mean percentage error (MPE), the mean absolute error (MAE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2).
https://www.ijee.net/article_65958_46a21de2a519e04685f7060ca2f5fd8b.pdf
2018-06-01
78
85
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.01
Air Temperature
Global Solar Radiation
Atmospheric Pressure
Relative humidity
D.
Bensahal
bensahal.dz@gmail.com
1
Laboratory of Mechanic, Faculty of Technology, University of Laghouat, Algeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Yousfi
2
Laboratory of Mechanic, Faculty of Technology, University of Laghouat, Algeria
AUTHOR
Bunker, A., J.Wildenhain, A.Vandenbergh,N.Henschke, J.Rocklöv, S. Hajat andR.Sauerborn,2016. Effects of Air Temperature on Climate-Sensitive Mortality and Morbidity Outcomes in the Elderly; ASystematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Evidence.EBioMedicine,6: 258-268.
1
Deser, C., L.Terray andA.S.Phillips, 2016. Forced and Internal Components of Winter Air Temperature Trends Over North America During the Past 50 Years: Mechanisms and Implications.J. Clim., 29: 2237-2258.
2
Bensahal, D. and A.Yousfi, 2018.The Effect of the Variation of Volume Flow Rate on the Thermal Parameters of a Solar Air Collector with a Single Pass of Air: Case Study for Laghouat, Algeria.International Journal of Engineering, Transaction A: Basics,31(1): 71-78.
3
Goudarzi, K., S. K. Asadi Yousef-abad, E. Shojaeizadeh and A. Hajipour.2014.Experimental Investigation of Thermal Performance in an Advanced Solar Collector with Helical Tube.International Journal of Engineering (IJE) Transactions A: Basics, 27(7): 1149-1154.
4
Dhass, A.D., E.Natarajan andP. Lakshmi. 2014. An Investigation of Temperature Effects on Solar Photovoltaic Cells and Modules.International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Transactions B: Applications, 27(11):1713-1722.
5
Carson, J.E. 1963. Analysis of Oil and Air Temperature by Fourier Techniques.J. Geophys. Res., 68: 2217-2232.
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Allen, J.C.1976. A Modified Sine Wave Method for Calculating Degree Days.Environ. Entomol., 5(3):388-396.
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Myrup, L.O.1969. A Numerical Model of the Urban Heat Island.J. Appl. Meteorol, 8(6):908-918.
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Goudriaan, J. and P.E.Waggoner. 1972. Simulating Both Aerial Microclimate and Soil Temperature from Observations above the Foliar Canopy.Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 104-124.
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Bilbao, J.A. and A.De Miguel. 2002. Air Temperature Model Evaluation in the North Mediterranean Belt Area. J. Applied Meteorology, 41(8):872-884
10
Hollands, G.T., L.T.D’Andrea and I.D.Morrison. 1989. Effect of Random Fluctuations in Ambient Air Temperature on Solar System Performance. Sol. Energy, 42: 335-338.
11
Boland, J. 1997. The Importance of the Stochastic Component of Climatic Variable in Simulating the Thermal Behavior of Domestic Dwellings.Sol. Energy, 60: 359-370.
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Knight, K.M., S.A.Klein and J.A.Duffie. 1991. A Methodology for the Synthesis of Hourly Weather Data. Sol. Energy, 46(2): 109-120.
13
Erbs, D.G.1984. Models and Applications for Weather Statistics Related to Building Heating and Cooling Loads. Ph.D. thesis, Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Wisconsin, Madison.
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Amato, U., V.Cuomo,F.Fontana and F.C. Serio. 1989. Statistical Predictability and Parametric Models of Daily Ambient Temperature and Solar Irradiance: An Analysis in the Italian Climate.J. App. Meteor., 28: 711-721.
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Hernandez, E.,R.Garcia and M.T.Teso. 1991. Minimum Temperature Forecasting by Stochastic Techniques: An Evidence of the Heat Island Effect. Mausam., 41: 161-166.
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Macchiato, M.,C.Serio,V.Lapenna and L.La Rotonda. 1993. Parametric Time Series Analysis of Cold and Hot Spells in Daily Temperature: An Application in Southern Italy. J. Appl. Meteor., 32: 1270-1281.
17
Bakirci, K. 2009. Correlations for Estimation of Daily Global Solar Eradiation with Hours of Bright Sunshine in Turkey. Energy, 34(4): 485-501
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Fletcher, A.L. 2007. Estimating Daily Solar Radiation in New Zealand Using Air Temperatures. New Zealand Journal of Crop Horticultural Science, 35: 147-157.
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Raja, I.A. 1994. Insolation Sunshine Relation with Site Elevation and Latitude. Sol. Energy, 53(1): 53-56.
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Rietveld, M.R. 1978. A New Method for Estimating the Regression Coefficients in the Formula Relating Solar Radiation to Sunshine. Agricultural Meteorology, 19(2-3): 243-252.
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Trabea, A.A. and M.A.M.Shaltout. 2000. Correlation of Global Solar Radiation with Eteorological Parameters Over Egypt. Renewable Energy, 21(2): 297-308.
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Kumar, R. and L. Umanand. 2005. Estimation of Global Radiation Using Clearness Index Model for Sizing Photovoltaic System. Renewable Energy, 30(15): 2221-2233.
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De Wit, C.T., J.Goudriaan and H.H.Van Laar. 1978. Simulation, respiration and transpiration of crops. Pudoc, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Idliman, A. 1990. Theoretical Study of a Drying System Leather skins for the Marrakech Region, Consisting of an Agricultural Greenhouse Acting as a Hot Air Solar Generator and a Conventional dryer. Dissertation for the Master’s Degree. National School of Marrakech Morocco.
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Oliveiraa, A.P.,J. F.Escobedob,A. J.Machadoa and J.Soaresa. 2002. Correlation Models of Diffuse Solar Radiation Applied to the City of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. Applied Energy, 71: 59-73.
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Muzathik, A.M.,W.B.W.Nik,M.Z.Ibrahim,K.B.Samo,K.Sopian,M.A.Alghoul. 2011. Daily Global Solar Radiation Estimate Based on Sunshine Hours. Int. J. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), 6(1): 75-80.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Speciation of Cu, Zn and Cr in Excavated Fine Fraction of Waste at Two Landfills
Mining landfills and open dumpsites is associated with (40-70% by mass) fine fraction of particle sizes less than 20 or 10 mm. Soil and trace elements of considerable concentrations typically dominate the composition of this fraction. In the present paper, a modified three steps sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cu, Zn and Cr in the fine fraction of waste sampled from Högbytorp (Sweden) and Torma (Estonia) landfills. The results showed that the major concentrations of Cu (98.8 and 98.6 wt%) and Cr (98.5% and 98.4 wt %) in fines from Högbytorp and Torma landfills, respectively. These data were found associated to the residual fraction. Noticeable concentrations of Cu and Cr were also found associated within the water -soluble fraction, which could be regarded as a potential risk. The Zn displayed different behavior by distributing in all the sequential extraction fractions in the fine fractions from the two landfills. Specifying the metals content using this method is essential to explore the valorization as well as the potential environmental risks by these fines fractions.
https://www.ijee.net/article_65959_1d40fc905e588b4305b8a36ef0b8fa34.pdf
2018-06-01
86
90
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.02
Metals speciation
Metals fractionation
Sequential Extraction
Metals mobility
Fine fraction
Y.
Jani
yahya.jani@lnu.se
1
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.
Pehme
2
Department of Water Management, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
AUTHOR
A.
Bucinskas
3
Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
AUTHOR
J.
Burlakovs
4
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
AUTHOR
W.
Hogland
5
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
AUTHOR
Kaartinen T., Sormunen K., Rintala J. (2013). Case study on sampling, processing and characterization of landfilled municipal solid waste in the view of landfill mining. Journal of Cleaner Production 55: 56–66.
1
Masi S., Caniani D., Grieco E., Lioi D., Mancini I. (2014). Assessment of the possible reuse of MSW coming from landfill mining of old open dumpsites. Waste Management 34: 702-710.
2
Jani Y., Kaczala F., Marchand C., Hogland M., Kriipsalu M., Hogland W., Kihl A. (2016). Characterization of mined fine fraction and waste composition from a Swedish landfill. Waste Management& Research 34(12):1292-1299.
3
Aulin C., Neretnieks I. (1995). A material balance for an industrial landfill. Proceedings of the Sardinia '95, 5th International Landfill Symposium (3):173-180.
4
Mönkäre T., Palmroth M., Rintala J. (2017). Screening biological methods for laboratory scale stabilization of fine fraction from landfill mining. Waste Management 60:739-747.
5
Hogland W. (2002). Remediation of an old landfill site: soil analysis, leachate quality and gas production. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 49-54.
6
Hull R., Krogmann U., Asce M., et al. (2005).Composition and characteristics of excavated materials from New Jersey landfill. Journal of Environmental Engineering 3: 478–490.
7
Mönkäre T., Palmroth M., Rintala J. (2016). Characterization of fine fraction mined from two Finish landfills. Waste Management 47:34-39.
8
Hermann R., Wolfsberger T., Pomberger R. Sarc R. (2016). Landfill mining: developing a comprehensive assessment method. Waste Management &Research 34:1157-1163.
9
Treybal R. (1981). Mass transfer operations.3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore.
10
Bird R., Stewart W., Lightfoot E. (2007). Transport Phenomena. John-Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
11
Li S, Zhong X, Kan X, Gu L., Sun H., Zhan G., Liu X. (2016). De novo transcriptome analysis of Thitarodes jiachaensis before and after infection by the caterpillar fungus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Gene 580: 96–103.
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Tessier A., Campbell P., Bisson M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace elements. Analytical Chemistry 51:844-851.
13
Flyhammar P. (1998). Use of sequential extraction on anaerobically degraded municipal solid waste. Science of the Total Environment 212:203-215.
14
Long Y., Shen D., Wang H., Lu W., Zhao Y. (2011). Heavy metal source analysis in municipal solid waste (MSW): case study on Cu and Zn. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186:1082-1087.
15
Xiaoli C., Shimaoka T., Xianyan C., Qiang G., Youcai Z. (2007).Characteristics and mobility of heavy metals in an MSW landfill: Implications in risk assessment and reclamation. Journal of Hazardous Materials 144: 485–491.
16
Parodi A, Feuillade-Cathalifaud G, Pallier V, et al (2011).Optimization of municipal solid waste leaching test procedure: Assessment of the part of hydrosoluble organic compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186: 991–998.
17
Jani Y., Kriipsalu M., Pehme K., Burlakovs J., Hogland M., Denafas G., Hogland W.(2017). Composition of waste at an early EU landfill of Torma in Estonia. IJEE 8(2):113-117.
18
Ure A., Davidson C. (2002). Chemical speciation in the environment. 2nd ed., Blackwell Science Ltd, London.
19
SEPA (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) (2009). Riktvärden för förorenad mark-modellbeskrivning och vägledning. Naturvårdsverket Rapport 5976, Stockholm, Sweden (in Swedish).
20
Quaghebeur M., Laenen B., Geysen D., et al. (2013).Characterization of landfilled materials: Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential. Journal of Cleaner Production 55: 72–83.
21
Gabarron M., Faz A., Martinez S., Zornoza R., Acosta J. (2017). Assessment of metals behavior in industrial soil using sequential extraction, multivariable analysis and geostatistical approach. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 172:174-183.
22
Oygard J., Gjengedal E., Mobbs H. (2008). Trace elements exposure in the environment from MSW landfill leachate sediments measured by a sequential extraction technique. J. Hazard. Mater. 153:751-758.
23
Pan Y., Wu Z., Zhou J., Zhao J., Ruan X., Liu J., Qian G. (2013). Chemical characteristics and risk assessment of typical municipal solid waste incineration fly ash in China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 261:269-27
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Evaluation of the Effect of Inclination and Dust Deposition on Production Capacity of Photovoltaic Installations in West African Nations: Case Studyin Mali Drame
The development of solar photovoltaic faces some difficulties in West African countries; such as: high cost of kW/h produced and long duration of return on investment. To that, there are some installation and operation aspects of Photovoltaic(PV) modules. In terms of installation, the incline plays a predominant role in the efficiency of a field photovoltaic. Indeed, the modules being fixed, it is, therefore, necessary to find the right incline so that they can capture the most solar energy every day. In terms of operation, PV modules need to be exposed to outside in order to operate under the most possibility of direct sunlight. Such equipment is therefore subjected to a natural climatic condition causing a great impact on its performance. This article deals with the influence of the operating parameters (optimal tilt and dust deposits) of PV modules in view of their improvement in West African countries such as Mali. After the choice of the cleaning by cloth and the different inclines of the modules were studied; the experiments were developed during the months of April-May-June, 2017. The results showed a reduction of PV modules from 4 to 14% of their efficiency was due to the accumulation of dirt on their capture surface. In addition, this study reveals an impressive result: a simple cleaning can save us energy about 140 FCFA/m2/month. Similarly, comparing with the outputs of the PV modules for different inclinations; it emerged that the optimal angle of inclination of the modules is slightly higher than the latitude of the study’ s place (about 15 °).
https://www.ijee.net/article_65960_da471c357708587dfebf86f3f947f15f.pdf
2018-06-01
91
99
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.03
Photovoltaic modules
Average Power
Dust Deposition
Surface cleaning
Optimal incline
A.
Sidiki
magass10@yahoo.fr
1
University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, China+School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, China, badiedjourtefast@outlook.com
LEAD_AUTHOR
W.
Li
2
University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, China+School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, China, badiedjourtefast@outlook.com
AUTHOR
M.
Alhousseini
3
National Center for Solar Energy and Renewable Energy, CNESOLER, Mali
AUTHOR
M. Segmani, T. Lecoq, N. H. Dezfouli, A. Diawara, and L. E. Renouvelables, 2007, MALIDEAL Projet « Plateforme Solaire au Mali ».
1
A. Gholami, I. Khazaee, S. Eslami, M. Zandi, and E. Akrami, 2018, “Experimental investigation of dust deposition e ff ects on photo-voltaic output performance,” Sol. Energy, vol. 159, no. November 2017, pp. 346–352.
2
M. Abderrezek and M. Fathi, 2017, “Experimental study of the dust effect on photovoltaic panels ’ energy yield,” Sol. Energy, vol. 142, pp. 308–320.
3
B. R. Paudyal and S. R. Shakya, 2016, “Dust accumulation effects on efficiency of solar PV modules for off grid purpose : A case study of Kathmandu,” Sol. Energy, vol. 135, pp. 103–110.
4
M. Mani and R. Pillai, 2010, “Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic ( PV ) performance : Research status , challenges and recommendations,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 3124–3131.
5
A. Rao, R. Pillai, M. Mani, and P. Ramamurthy, 2014, “Influence of dust deposition on photovoltaic panel performance,” Energy Procedia, vol. 54, pp. 690–700.
6
F. Mejia, J. Kleissl, and J. L. Bosch, 2014, “The effect of dust on solar photovoltaic systems,” Energy Procedia, vol. 49, pp. 2370–2376.
7
L. Boyle, H. Flinchpaugh, and M. P. Hannigan, 2015, “Natural soiling of photovoltaic cover plates and the impact on transmission,” Renew. Energy, vol. 77, p. 237.e1-237.e8.
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A. A. Hegazy, 2001, “Effect of dust accumulation on solar transmittance through glass covers of plate-type collectors,” Renew. Energy, vol. 22, pp. 525–540.
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R. Nazar, 2015, “Improvement of Efficiency of Solar Panel Using Different Methods .,” Int. J. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 12–17,
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P. K. Das, M. A. Habib, and M. Mynuddin, 2015, “Microcontroller Based Automatic Solar Tracking System with Mirror Booster,” Int. J. Sustain. Green Energy, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 125–136.
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A. Gholami, A. Saboonchi, and A. A. Alemrajabi, 2017, “Experimental Study of Factors Affecting dust accumulation and their effects on the transmission coefficient of glass for solar applications,” Renew. Energy.
12
M. J. Adinoyi and S. A. M. Said, 2013, “Effect of dust accumulation on the power outputs of solar photovoltaic modules,” Renew. Energy, vol. 60, pp. 633–636.
13
D. Goossens and E. V. A. N. Kerschaever, 1999, “Aeolian Dust Deposition on photovoltaic Solar Cells: the Effects of Wind Velocity and Airborne Dust Concentration on Cell Performance,” Pergamon, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 277–289.
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A. Al Shehri, B. Parrott, P. Carrasco, H. Al Saiari, and I. Taie, 2017, “Accelerated testbed for studying the wear , optical and electrical characteristics of dry cleaned PV solar panels,” Sol. Energy, vol. 146, pp. 8–19.
15
Y. Jiang and L. Lu, 2016, “Experimentally Investigating the Effect of Temperature Differences in the Particle Deposition Process on Solar Photovoltaic ( PV ) Modules,” Sustainability.
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T. V Ramachandra, R. Jain, and G. Krishnadas, 2011, “Hotspots of solar potential in India,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3178–3186.
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J. P. Bock, J. R. Robison, R. Sharma, J. Zhang, and M. K. Mazumder, 2008, “An Efficient Power Management Approach for Self-Cleaning Solar Panels with Integrated Electrodynamic Screens,” in Proc. ESA Annual Meeting on Electrostatics.
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R. Greenough, D. Jensen, and E. Voss, 2016, “Project SPACE : Solar Panel Automated Cleaning Environment,” Santa Clara University Scholar Commons.
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S. Patil and H. M. MALLARADHYA, 2016, “Design and Implementation of Microcontroller Based,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Adv. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1.
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A. K. Mondal and K. Bansal, 2015, “A brief history and future aspects in automatic cleaning systems for solar photovoltaic panels,” Adv. Robot., no. May, pp. 37–41,
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R. G. Padaki, 2016, “Self-Cleaning Technology for solar PV Panel 1,” Int. J. Sci. Dev. Res., vol. 1, no. 9.
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H. Kawamoto and T. Shibata, 2015, “Electrostatic cleaning system for removal of sand from solar panels,” J. Electrostat., vol. 73, pp. 65–70,
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Y. A. Salam, T. Green, and Y. T. Lin, 2014, “Automated Self-Cleaning Solar Panel,”
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D. H. W. Li and T. N. T. Lam, 2007, “Determining the Optimum Tilt Angle and Orientation for Solar Energy Collection Based on Measured Solar Radiance Data,” Int. J. Photoenergy, vol. 2007.
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Operative Factors on Conversion Efficiency of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
Today, the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil due to its renewability, low cost of production and also low pollution become more popular. In this research, the factors affecting the production of biodiesel by trans-esterification method from waste cooking oil were evaluated. For this purpose, a batch reactor which equipped with a mechanical stirrer, was designed and constructed. Waste cooking oil as feedstock and methanol is used with 1:6 molar ratio in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst to 1% by weight of waste cooking oil used. In order to optimize the production process, these three parameters including rate of stirring at 3 levels (450, 550 and 650 rpm), temperature at four levels (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and reaction time at 6 levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min) were considered. The results indicated, more than 90% of ester conversion occurred in the first 30 minutes and biodiesel production increased and reached its maximum amount at stirring speed of 650 rpm and also the highest rate of esters conversion occurred at 60 ?. Thus, 60 °C for reaction temperature and 650 rpm for stirring speed at 30 min are optimum production condition in order to reach the most amount of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using a batch stirred tank reactor.
https://www.ijee.net/article_65961_4f94092c658213cfc0d64d19adff3c9b.pdf
2018-06-01
100
104
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.04
Biofuels
Biodiesel
Trans
Esterification
Potassium hydroxide
Methanol
A.
Hasheminezhad
a.hasheminezhad@stu.sanru.ac.ir
1
Mechanical Engineering in Agricultural Machinery, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. J.
Hashemi
2
Department of Bio systems Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
R.
Tabatabaie
3
Department of Bio systems Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghobadian, B., Najafi, G., Rahimi, H., Yusaf, T.F. 2009. Future of renewable energies in Iran. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews.13:689-695.
1
Ghobadian, B. Liquid biofuel potential and outlook in Iran. 2012. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 16:4379-4384.
2
Specchia, S., Tillemans, F.W.A., Oosterkamp, P.F., Saracco,G. 2005. Conceptual design and selection of a biodiesel processor for a vehicle fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Journal of power sources. 145:683-690.
3
Dube, M.A., Tremblay, A.Y., Liu, J. 2007. Biodiesel production using a membrane reactor. Bioresource Technology. 98:639-647.
4
Yoosuk, B., P. Krasae, B. Puttasawat, P. Udomsap, N. Viriya-empikul, K. Faungnawakij. 2010. Biodiesel production using supper critical methanol. Chemical Engineering Journal.162, 58-66.
5
Sharma, Y. C.; B. Singh, J. Korstad. 2010. Waste lipid conversion to Biodiesel. Energy & Fuels. 24: 3223-3231.
6
Silva, C. C. C. M., N.F.P. Ribeiro, M.M.V.M. Souza, D.A.G. 2010. Biodiesel production technology. Fuel Processing Technology. 91: 205-210.
7
I. Syaichurrozi, J. Jayanudin, Effect of Tofu Wastewater Addition on The Growth and Carbohydrate-Protein-Lipid Content of Spirulina platensis, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 30, No. 11, (November 2017) 1631-1638 .
8
Marchetti, J.M., Miguel, V.U., Errazu, A.F. 2007. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 11: 1300-1311.
9
Shimada, Y., Watanabe, Y., Samukawa, T., Sugihara, A., Noda, H., Fukuda, H. 1999. Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using immobilized candida Antarctica Lipase. J Am Oil Chem soc. 76(7):789-793.
10
Sivasamy, A., Cheah, K.Y., Fornasiero, P., Kemausuor, F., Zinoviev, S., and Miertus, S. 2009. Catalytic application in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. Chem Sus Chem. 2:278-300.
11
Canakci, M., Van Gerpan, J. 1999. Biodiesel production via acid catalysis. Trans ASAE.:45(5):1203-1210.
12
Freedman, B., Butterfield, R.O., Pryde, E.H. 1985. Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil chem. Soc. 61:1638-1643.
13
Daranko, D. and Cheryan, M. 2000.Kinetics of palm oil Transestirification in a batch reactor. Fuel. 77:1263-1267.
14
Vincente, G., Martinez, M., Aracil, J., Esteban, A. 2005. Kinetics of sunflower oil methanolysis. Ind. Eng. Res. 44:5447-5454.
15
Noureddini, H., Harkey, DW., Gutsman, MR. 2004.A continuous process for the glycolysis of soybean oil. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81:1-5.
16
Komers, K., Skopal, F., Cegan, A. 2010. Continuous biodiesel production in a cascade of Flow ideally stirred reactors. Bioresource Technology. 101:3772-3775.
17
Mitteblach, M., Trathnigg, B. 1990. Kinetics of alkaline catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil. Fat. Sci. Technol. 92:145-148.
18
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19
Liang, X.; S. Gao, H. Wu, J. Yang. 2009. Biodiesel production technology reviews. Fuel Processing Technology. 90: 701-704.
20
Hasheminezhad, A., Hashemi, SJ., Tabatabaie, SR. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using transesterification method. Paper presented at 4th international conference on environmental challenges and Dendrochronology. Sari-Iran. 14-15 May 2014.
21
Knothe,G . 2001. Analytical Methods used in the production and Fuel Quality assessment of Biodiesel, American society of agricultural Engineers. 44-2:103-200.
22
Litty Koria and T. Thangaraj. 2010. Optimization of Biodiesel Production Process in Datura stramonium Seed Oil, a Non-edible Oil Source. Journal of Eco biotechnology. 2/5: 42-46.
23
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25
Atadashi, I.M., Aroua, M.K., Abdulaziz, A.R., Sulaiman, N.M.N. 2012. The effects of water on biodiesel production and refining technologies: A review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews.16:3456-3470.
26
M. Feizbahr, C. Kok Keong, F. Rostami, M. Shahrokhi, Wave Energy Dissipation Using Perforated and Non Perforated Piles, International Journal of Engineering (IJE), IJE TRANSACTIONS B: Applications Vol. 31, No. 2, (February 2018) 212-219.
27
Hoseini M. 2013 .biodiesel production in batch reactor with helical agitator. Paper presented at the 20th annual conference of mechanical engineering of Iran. Shiraz- Iran, 27-29 May 2013.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Theoretical Detailed Analysis for a Proposed 5kW PV Grid-Connected System Installed in Iraq Using PVsyst Tool
In this study, PVsyst simulation software is used to analyze a PV grid tied system in a typical primary school in Iraq. The proposed system is 5kW which is affordable and applicable from the cost and required area points respectively. The monthly averaged electrical load for a typical school is approximately calculated. The system simulation has been done for thirteen Iraqi provinces while it is described and its performance is analyzed in details for Baghdad city as an example. The performance ratio for the system in Baghdad is 0.825 and about 9.82MWhr is generated by the system per year, 62.7% is consumed by the load and the remaining is injected to the national grid. The results showed that the initial capital cost is 5,442$ which is returned after five and a half years. The cost of 1 kWhr if the system operates for 10 years is 0.058$. This study clearly demonstrates that photovoltaic power system can effectively assist the peak load on the grid. In addition, these systems are very economical/no maintenance project and can be hooked to any the peak time load.
https://www.ijee.net/article_65962_e484b1993d65263a20970bb11893467c.pdf
2018-06-01
105
113
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.05
Solar energy
Photovoltaic system
Grid-tied systems
Simulation
Iraq
PVsyst
A. A.
Abbood Al-Khazzar
akramabdulameer@gmail.com
1
Independent Researcher, Former Lecturer at University of Baghdad, College of Engineering, Energy Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nowak, S., 2004, "Trends in Photovoltaic Applications: Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2003." Proceedings of the International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Program (IEA-PVPS).
1
Kerekes, T., Koutroulis, E., Séra, D., Teodorescu, R. and Katsanevakis, M., 2013,"An Optimization Method for Designing Large PV Plants". IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 3(2), pp.814-822.
2
Partain, L. D., 1995,” Solar cell fundamentals. Solar Cells and Their Applications”, ed. LD Partain, Wiley.
3
Eltawil, M. A., and Zhao Z., 2010, "Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, no. 1, pp. 112-129.
4
Bojic, M., Blagojevic, M., 2006, “Photovoltaic electricity production of a grad-connected urban house in Serbia”. Energy Policy;34(17), pp. 2941–8.
5
Fernández-Infantes A, Contreras J, Bernal-Agustín JL. , 2006, “Design of grid connected PV systems considering electrical, economical and environmental aspects: a practical case”. Renew Energy; 31(13), pp.2042–62.
6
Bialasiewicz, J.T., 2008, “Renewable energy system with photovoltaic power generators: Operation and modeling”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 55, pp. 2752-2758.
7
King, D.L., 1997, “Photovoltaic module and array performance characterization methods for all system operating conditions”. In: NREL/SNL photovoltaics program review—Proceedings of the 14th conference—a joint meeting, vol. 394; pp. 347–368.
8
Ali, A.H.H., Zeid, H.A.S. and AlFadhli, H.M., 2017," Energy performance, environmental impact, and cost assessments of a photovoltaic plant under Kuwait climate condition" Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Vol. 22, pp. 25–33.
9
Al-Hasan, A. Y., A. A. Ghoneim, and A. H. Abdullah. , 2004,"Optimizing electrical load pattern in Kuwait using grid connected photovoltaic systems" Energy conversion and management 45, no. 4, pp. 483-494.
10
Hammad, M., Ebaid, M.S., Halaseh, G. and Erekat, B., 2015, "Large Scale Grid Connected (20MW) Photovoltaic System for Peak Load Shaving in Sahab Industrial District", Jordan J. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (JJMIE), Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 45-59.
11
M. S. Hassan, Adel A. Elbaset, 2015, "A Comparative Study for Optimum Design of Grid Connected PV System based on Actual System Specifications”, International Journal of Computer Applications. Vol. 116, Issue 3, pp. 19-34.
12
Rehman, S., Ahmed, M.A., Mohamed, M.H. and Al-Sulaiman, F.A., 2017," Feasibility study of the grid connected 10 MW installed capacity PV power plants in Saudi Arabia" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 80, pp.319–329.
13
Celik, A. N. "Present status of photovoltaic energy in Turkey and life cycle techno-economic analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic-house." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 10, no. 4 (2006), pp.370-387.
14
Kazem, H. A., Albadi, M.H., Al-Waeli, A. H.A., Al-Busaidid A. H., Chaichane, M. T., 2017, " Techno-economic feasibility analysis of 1 MW photovoltaic grid connected system in Oman" Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, Vol.10, pp.131 –141
15
Al-Sabounchi, A. M., Yalyali, S. A. and Al-Thani, H. A.,2013,"Design and performance evaluation of a photovoltaic grid-connected system in hot weather conditions." Renewable energy 53, pp. 71-78.
16
Kazem, H. A., and M. T. Chaichan. ,2012,"Status and future prospects of renewable energy in Iraq." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 8, pp.6007-6012.
17
General Electric, 2003, "Iraq Exploration Team Trip Report", briefing slides.
18
Allen, N., Hazlett, S. and Nerlinger, M., 2009,"Smart grid: the next infrastructure revolution". New York: Morgan Stanley.
19
Abed, F.M., Al-Douri, Y. and Al-Shahery, G.M., 2014,"Review on the energy and renewable energy status in Iraq: The outlooks" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 39, pp. 816-827.
20
http://cosit.gov.iq/ar/60-press-releases/667-57-2014
21
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22
R. Tallab and A. Malek. ,2015, "Predict system efficiency of 1 MWc photovoltaic power plant interconnected to the distribution network using PVSYST software". In Proceedings of 2015 3rd International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), Marrakech, Morocco; pp. 1 -4.
23
Shiva Kumar, B. and Sudhakar, K. ,2015, "Performance evaluation of 10 MW grid connected solar photovoltaic power plant in India". Energy Reports; 1, pp. 184-192.
24
Irwan, Y. M., Amelia, A. R., Irwanto, M., Fareq. M, Leow, W. Z., Gomesh, N., Safwati I., 2015, "Stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) system assessment using PVSYST software". Energy Procedia; 79, pp.596-603.
25
Matiyali, K. and Ashok, A. ,2016,"Performance evaluation of grid connected solar PV power plant". In Proceedings of 2016 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, & Automation (ICACCA) (fall), Bareilly; pp: 1 -5.
26
Nirwan, D. and Thakur, T., 2017,"Performance Evaluation of Grid Connected Solar PV Plant Using PVsyst" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 05.,pp.3190-3194.
27
http://www.pvsyst.com/en/publications/meteo-data-sources
28
Duffie, J. A., and Beckman, W. A., 2013,"Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 4th Edition,
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Häberlin, H., 2012, "Photovoltaics system design and practice": John Wiley & Sons.
30
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Li, D.H., Cheung, K.L., Lam, T.N. and Chan, W.W., 2012. "A study of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system in Hong Kong". Applied Energy, 90(1), pp.122-127.
32
Messenger, R. A., and Ventre, J., 2010,"Photovoltaic Systems Engineering" 3th Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, (LLC).
33
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34
Al-Khazzar A. A. A., 2017, "The Required Land Area for Installing a Photovoltaic Power Plant”, Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment 8, 1, pp.11 – 17
35
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Agai, F., Caka, N. and Komoni, V., 2011. "Design optimization and simulation of the photovoltaic systems on buildings in southeast Europe". International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, 1(5), pp.58-68.
41
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42
Bharathkumar, M., and H. V. Byregowda., 2014, "Performance Evaluation of 5 MW Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Established in Karnataka." International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3, no. 6, pp.13862-13868.
43
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44
Nochang, P., Changwoon, H., Wonsik, H., Donghwan, K., 2011, “The effect of encapsulant delamination on electrical performance of PV module”, 37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Seattle, Washington. pp. 1113-1115.
45
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46
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47
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48
Sangwongwanich, A., Yang, Y., Sera, D. and Blaabjerg, F., 2018. "Lifetime evaluation of grid-connected PV inverters considering panel degradation rates and installation sites". IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 33(2), pp.1225-1236.
49
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Thermodynamic Second Law Analysis of Hydromagnetic Gravity-Driven Two-step Exothermic Chemical Reactive Flow with Heat Absorption Along a Channel
This study examines the second law of thermodynamic gravity-driven viscous combustible fluid flow of two-step exothermic chemical reaction with heat absorption and convective cooling under bimolecular kinetic. The flow is acted upon by periodic changes in the axial pressure gradient and time along the axis of the channel with the existence of magnetic field. The heat convection at the channel surfaces with the environment is the same and satisfies the Newtons law of cooling. The dimensionless main equations of the flow are solved using a convergent and stable semi-implicit finite difference method. The effect of some fluid parameters associated with the problem on momentum and temperature are obtained. The expression for irreversibility ratio, volumetric entropy generation and Bejan number along with the graphical results are presented and quantitatively discussed.
https://www.ijee.net/article_66344_0323175a11e91b18bd248ded80ab4747.pdf
2018-06-01
114
120
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.06
Heat absorption
Entropy generation
Bimolecular kinetics
Bejan number
Viscous combustible
S. O.
Salawu
kunlesalawu2@gmail.com
1
Department of Mathematics, Landmark University, Omu-aran, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
O. M.
Okedoye
amokedoye@gmail.com
2
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Bejan, A. 1994, Entropy Generation Through Heat and Fluid Flow, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 98 (Chapter 5).
1
Bejan, A, 1996. Entropy Generation Minimization, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
2
Adesanya, S.O., Makinde, O.D. 2015, Irreversibility analysis in a couple stress film flow along an inclined heated plate with adiabatic free surface. Physica A 432, 222-229.
3
Adesanya, S.O., Falade, J.A., Srinivas Jangili, c., Anwar Beg, O. 2017, Irreversibility analysis for reactive third-grade fluid flow and heat transfer with convective wall cooling. Alexandra Engineering Journal. 56, 153-160.
4
Makinde, O.D. 2006, Irreversibility analysis for gravity driven non-Newtonian liquid film along an inclined isothermal plate. Physica Scripta, 74, 642-645.
5
Aziz, A. 2003, Entropy generation in pressure gradient assisted Couette flow with different thermal boundary conditions. Entropy. 5, 271-312.
6
Narusawa, U. 2001, The second law analysis of mixed convection in rectangular ducts. Heat Mass Transfer. 37, 197-203.
7
Salawu, S.O., Fatunmbi, E.O. 2017, Inherent irreversibility of hydromagnetic third-grade reactive poiseuille flow of a variable viscosity in porous media with convective cooling. Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics, 11, 46-58.
8
Srinivas, J., Ramana Murthy, J.V. 2016, Second law analysis of the flow of two immiscible micropolar fluids between two porous beds. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 25, 126-142.
9
Srinivas, J., Ramana Murthy, J.V., Chamkha, A.J. 2016, Analysis of entropy generation in an inclined channel flow containing two immiscible micropolar fluids using HAM. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat Fluid Flow. 23, 1027-1049.
10
Tasnim, S.H., Mahmud, S. 2002, Entropy generation in a vertical concentric channel with temperature dependent viscosity. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer. 29, 907-918.
11
Taufiq, B.N., Masjuki, H.H., Mahlia, T.M.I., Saidur, R., Faizul, M.S., Mohamad, E.N. 2007, Second law analysis for optimal thermal design of radial fin geometry by convection. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, 1363-1370.
12
Anwar, M.I., Rodkiewicz, C.M. 1972, Nonuniform magnetic field effects in MHD slider bearings. ASME Journal of Lubrication Technology, 94, 101-105.
13
Ariel, P.D. 2002, On computation of MHD flow near a rotating disk, Zeitschrift fitr Angewandte Mathematik and Mechanik, 82, 235-246.
14
Dada, M.S., Salawu, S.O. 2017, Analysis of heat and mass transfer of an inclined magnetic field pressure-driven flow past a permeable plate. Applications and Applied Mathematics: An International Journal (AAM). 12, 189-200.
15
Das, S., Jana, R.N. 2012, Entropy generation due to MHD flow in a porous channel with Navier slip. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 5, 575-584.
16
Dimian, M.F., Essawy, A.H. 2000, Magnetic field effects on mixed convection between rotating coaxial disk. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 73, 1082-1091.
17
Lu, R.F., Chien, R.D., Lin, J.R. 2006, Effects of fluid inertia in magneto-hydrodynamic annular squeeze films. Tribology International. 39, 221-226.
18
Reddy Gorla, R.S., Byrd, L.W., Pratt, D.M. 2007, Second law analysis for microscale flow and heat transfer. Applied Thermal Engineering. 27, 1414-1423.
19
Salawu, S.O. and Dada, M.S. 2016, Radiative heat transfer of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity effects on inclined magnetic feld with dissipation in a non-Darcy medium. Journal of the Nigerian Mathematical Society. 35, 93-106
20
Szabo, Z.G. 1964, Advances in kinetics of homogeneous gas reactions, Methusen and Co Ltd, Great Britain
21
Makinde, O.D., Olanrewaju, P.O., Titiloye, E.O., Ogunsola, A.W. 2013, On thermal stability of a two-step exothermic chemical reaction in a slab. Journal of Mathematical sciences. 13, 1-15.
22
Kareem, R.A., Gbadeyan, J.A. 2016, Unsteady radiative hydromagnetic internal heat generation fluid flow through a porous channel of a two-step exothermic chemical reaction. Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics, 34, 111-124.
23
Chinyoka, T., Renardy, Y.Y., Renardy, M., Khismatullin, D.B. 2005, Two-dimensional study of drop deformation under simple shear for Oldroyd-B liquids. Journal of Non-Newton Fluid Mechanics, 31, 45-56.
24
Chinyoka, T. 2008, Computational dynamics of a thermally decomposable viscoelastic lubricant under shear. Trans. ASME, Journal of Fluids Engineering, 130, 121201. doi:10.1115/1.2978993
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Mn Doping on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Wet chemical Reduction Technique
The effect of Mn doping on Fe3O4 nanocrystalline spinel particles is studied. Two doping concentrations of 10 and 15% Mn were employed. The nanoparticles synthesis was carried out by wet chemical reduction technique. The energy dispersive analysis of X-ray confirmed the stoichiometry of the samples. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the crystal structure and particles size of the synthesized nanoparticles. The electron microscopy revealed that both the synthesized nanoparticles surfaces have flower-like patterns and the particles are spherical. The optical absorption study showed that the absorption is more in case of 10% Mn doped compared to 15% Mn doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy revealed that both the samples contain characteristics bands. The magnetization variation with temperature with zero field cooled and field cooling conditions for two different applied magnetic fields of 500 Oe and 1000 Oe as well as the hysteresis study was carried out by vibrating sample magnetometer technique. The obtained results are discussed in details.
https://www.ijee.net/article_66450_fdbde10e31d1382b3a71cf5bef2db7f1.pdf
2018-06-01
121
129
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.07
Fe3O4
Nanoparticles
Wet chemical reduction
Surface morphology
Magnetic properties
T. J.
Malek
tasmirasybsc02@yahoo.co.in
1
P. G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388120, Gujarat, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. H.
Chaki
2
P. G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388120, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
M. D.
Chaudhary
3
P. G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388120, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
J. P.
Tailor
4
Applied Physics Department, S.V.N.I.T., Surat – 395007, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
M. P.
Deshpande
5
P. G. Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar – 388120, Gujarat, India
AUTHOR
S. Kaka, M. Pufall, W. Rippard, T. Silva, S. Russek, and J. Katine, 2005, Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nano-oscillators. Nature. 437, 389-392.
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3
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4
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T. Malek, S. Chaki, J. Tailor and M. Deshpande, 2016, Thermal Decomposition Study of Mn doped Fe3O4 Nanoparticles. AIP Conf. Proc. 1728, 020390-5 pages.
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24
S. Chaki, M. Deshpande, M. Chaudhary, K. Mahato, 2013. Synthesis and Characterization of Tin Monosulphide Nanoparticles. Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 5, 285-290.
25
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Y. Vodyanitskii, E. Morgun, L. Obydenova, K. Rumyantseva, N. Chapygina, 2009. Geochemistry of Magnetite and Maghemite in Soils in European Russia. Geochem. Int. 47, 297-310.
27
S. Rana, J. Philip, B. Raj, 2010. Micelle based synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and its characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Transmission Spectrometry and Thermogravimetry. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 124, 264-269.
28
X. Liang, X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Y. Chen, D. Wang, Y. Li, 2006. Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse Iron Oxide and Oxyhydroxide Nanocrystals. Advanced Functional Materials. 16, 1805-1813.
29
L. Rebodos, J. Vikesland, 2010. Effects of Oxidation on the Magnetization of Nanoparticulate Magnetite. Langmuir. 26, 16745-16753.
30
K. Kim, S. Kim, Y. Choa, H. Kim, 2007. Formation and Surface Modification of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Co-precipitation and Sol-gel Method. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 13, 1137-1141.
31
E. McCafferty, 2010. Relationship between the isoelectric point (pHpzc) and the potential of zero charge (Epzc) for passive metals. Electrochim. Acta. 55, 1630–1637.
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C. Caizer, V. Tura, 2006. Magnetic relaxation/stability of Co ferrite nanoparticles embedded in amorphous silica particles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 301, 513-520.
33
C. Warner, W. Chouyyok, K. Mackie, D. Neiber, L. Saraf, T. Droubay, M. Warner, R. Addleman, 2012. Manganese doping of Magnetic Iron Oxide nanoparticles: Tailoring surface reactivity for a regenerable heavy metal sorbent. Langmiur. 28, 3931-3937.
34
E. C. Stoner, E. P. Wohlfarth, 1948. A mechanism of magnetic hysteresis in heterogeneous alloys. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 240, 599-642.
35
Christy R. Vestal, Z John Zhang, 2004. Magnetic spinel ferrite nanoparticles from microemulsions. Int. J. Nanotechnology. 1, 240 – 263.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Theoretical analysis of a Low GWP Refrigerants as a Drop in substitute of R134a in a Domestic Refrigerator
Now a days Fridges and Air-conditioners are mostly used in domestic environment. The CFCs have been almost ruled out since 1995 due to their huge impact on the ozone layer, due to the above problem HFC refrigerants are introduced but these are having a high GWP value, which causes environmental pollution. But later Kyoto protocol came into existence which stated the need to replace HFC’S due to their high GWP values. Along with the prevention of environmental pollution, performance improvement also very important. Performance of a conventional refrigeration system can be improved with the help of liquid-suction heat exchanger. So in this paper, Thermodynamic analysis of domestic refrigerator with liquid suction heat exchanger using R134a as a refrigerant was done and the results are compared with various low gwp refrigerants like, HFC152a, HC290, HC600a, HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze(E) as a possible alternative to 134a without any modification to the system. Performance parameters like COP, Refrigeration Effect, Compressor Work and Pressure ratio have been reported at various operating parameters like evaporator temperature, condenser temperature. Theoretical results revealed that all the low GWP refrigerants used in the analysis have a slightly lower performance the R134a at various condenser and evaporator temperatures
https://www.ijee.net/article_66451_50d6029565e9f6293f01d6dd04da722a.pdf
2018-06-01
130
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10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.08
Domestic refrigerator
GWP
R134a
R152a
R1234yf
R1234ze (E)
R290
R600a
M.
Shaik Sk
hasheer.mohammad@gmail.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R. & J.C. College of Engineering, Guntur, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
K.
Srinivas
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R. & J.C. College of Engineering, Guntur, India
AUTHOR
Mark Spatz, Barbara Minor, “HFO-1234yf A Low GWP Refrigerant For MAC”, VDA Alternative Refrigerant
1
Winter Meeting 2008 Saalfelden, Austria.
2
Thomas J. Leck, “New High Performance, Low GWP Refrigerants for Stationary AC and Refrigeration”, International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 12-15, 2010.
3
Yana Motta, S. F., Vera Becerra, E. D., & Spatz, M. W. (2010). Analysis of LGWP Alternatives for Small Refrigeration (Plugin) Applications. 13th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, (pp. 2499, 1-7). West Lafayette.
4
Shapiro D., Drop-in Testing of Next-Generation R134a Alternates in a Commercial Bottle Cooler/Freezer. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 16-19 (2012).
5
Karber K. M., Abdelaziz O., Vineyard E. A., Experimental Performance of R1234yf and R1234ze as drop-in replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerators. International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning conference at Purdue, July 16-19 (2012).
6
Naushad A. Ansari, Bipin Yadav, Jitendra Kumar, “Theoretical Exergy Analysis of HFP-1234yf and HFO-1234ze as an Alternative Replacement of HFC134a in Simple Vapour Compression Refrigeration System”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol 4, Issue 8, August-2013, 137.
7
Adrian Mota-Babiloni, Joaquin Navarro-Esbrib, Angel Barragan, Francisco Moles, Bernardo Peris, “Drop-in energy performance evaluation of R1234yf and R1234ze(E) in a vapour compression system as R134a replacements”, Elsevier journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol 71, Issue 1, 5 October, Pages 259-265.
8
D. Sánchez a, R. Cabello, R. Llopis, I. Arauzo, J. Catalán-Gil, E. Torrella, “Energy performance evaluation of R1234yf, R1234ze(E), R600a, R290 and R152a as low-GWP R134a alternatives. International Journal of Refrigeration • October 2017.
9
Zhaofeng Meng, Hua Zhang, Jinyou Qiu and Mingjing Lei, “ theoretical analysis of R1234ze(E),R152 and
10
R1234ze(E)/R152a mixtures as replacements of R134a in vapor compression system. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. July 2016.
11
Mohan raj M., Jay raj S., Muraleedharan C., Chandrasekhar P., Experimental Investigation of R290/R600a Mixture as an Alternative to R134a in a Domestic Refrigerator, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 48 (2009), pp. 1036 – 1042.
12
Rasti M., SeyedFoad A., Hatamipour M., Energy Efficiency Enhancement of a Domestic Refrigerator Using R436a and R600a as Alternative Refrigerants to R134a. International Journal of Thermal Sciences (74) (2013), pp. 86 – 94.
13
A.S. Dalkilic, S. Wongwises, “A performance comparison of vapour compression refrigeration system using various alternative refrigerants”, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 37 (2010) 1340-1349.
14
Bolaji B. O., Experimental Study of R152a and R32 to replace replace R134a in a domestic refrigerator.Eergy 35(9) (2010), pp. 3793-3798.
15
Gaurav, Raj Kumar, “Alternatives to R134a (CF3CH2F) Refrigerant- A Review”, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012.
16
Bukola Olalekan Bolaji, Zhongjie Huan, Francis Olusesi Borokinni, “Energy Performance of Eco-friendly R152a and R600a Refrigerants as Alternative to R134a in Vapour Compression Refrigeration System”, 2014, ISSN 1453-7397.
17
S.A. Klein, F.L. Alvarado. Engineering equation solver, F-Chart Software, Madison. WI 2002: 1.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mechanical Engineering Design Theory Framework for Solar Desalination Processes: A Review and Meta-Analysis
The aim of the present study is to assess theoretical and practical analysis of scientific publications on solar desalination. This analysis is proposed within mechanical design theory framework. For this, inductive and statistical methods were used in analysis of the scientific publications of different specialties that deal with the design process of solar desalination. With the use of the mentioned methods a tendency was obtained that justifies applying the study results to this type of devices of the approaches of the theory of the mechanical design analyzed. Statistical analysis is conducted for the above assessment not only analytically but quantitatively. This gives responses to problems currently posed by different authors related to the possibility of linking several disciplines used today in isolation for the application of mechanical design theory to this type of solar desalination.
https://www.ijee.net/article_66552_d104c49770012e243b4af4315e2255e5.pdf
2018-06-01
137
145
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.09
Desalination
Mechanical design
Meta-analysis
Solar energy
Functional modeling
Design representation
Humidification-dehumidification
G.
Boligán Rojas
1
Faculty of Engineering.Center for CAD / CAM Studies. University of Holguin, Cuba
AUTHOR
R.
Lorenzo Ávila Rondon
rlar001@yahoo.com
2
School of Systems of Torreon. Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Carolina Meléndez Gurrola
3
School of Systems of Torreon. Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico
AUTHOR
Parekh, S., et al., 2004. Solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification technique - a comprehensive technical review. Desalination, 160(2): 167-186.
1
Farid, M. and Al-Hajaj, A.W., 1999. Solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification cycle. Desalination, 106(1-3: 427-429.
2
Al-Hallaj, S., et al., 2005. Solar desalination with humidification - dehumidification cycle: Review of economics. Desalination, 195(1-3): 169–186.
3
Moumouh, J., Tahiri, M. and Salouhi, M., 2014. Solar thermal energy combined with humidification-dehumidification process for desalination brackish water: Technical review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(27: 15232-15237.
4
Kouhikamali, R. and M. Hassani, 2014. The Possibility of using Flat Plate Solar Collector Based on the Best Calculated Tilt Angle in the City of Rasht as a Case Study. International Journal of Engineering (IJE), TRANSACTIONS B: Applications, 27(8): 1297-1306.
5
Hashemi, H., et al., 2014. Fixture Design Automation and Optimization Techniques: Review and Future Trends. International Journal of Engineering (IJE), TRANSACTIONS B: Applications, 27(11): 1787-1794.
6
Veza, J.M. and Ruiz, V., 1993. Solar Distillation in Forced Convection. Simulation and Experience. Renewable Energy, 3(6/7): 691-699.
7
Kirschman, C.F. and Fadel, G.M., 1998. Classifying Functions for Mechanical Design. Journal of Mechanical Design, (120(3): 475-482.
8
Altshuller, G.S., 1999. The Innovation Algorithm. TRIZ, Systematic Innovation and Technical Creativity. WORCESTER, MA: TECHNICAL INNOVATION CENTER, INC.
9
Caraux, G. and Pinloche, S., 2005. PermutMatrix: a graphical environment to arrange gene expression profiles in optimal linear order. Bioinformatic Applications, 21(7): 1280–1281.
10
Ward Jr. J.H., 1963. Hierarchial Grouping to Optimize Objective Function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301): 236-244.
11
Finger, S. and Dixon, J.R., 1989. A Review of Research in Mechanical Engineering Design. Part I: Descriptive, Prescriptive, and Computer-Based Models of Design Processes. Research in Mechanical Engineering Design, 1(1): 51-67.
12
Finger, S. and Dixon, J.R., 1989. A Review of Research in Mechanical Engineering Design. Part II. Representations, Analysis, and Design for the Life Cycle. Research in Mechanical Engineering Design, 1(2): 121-137.
13
Fey, V.R., Rivin, E.I., and Vertkin, I.M., 1994. Application of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving to Design and Manufacturing Systems. Annals of the ClRP, 43(1): 107–110.
14
Song-Kyoo, K., 2012. Conceptual Design Based on Substance-Field Model in Theory of Inventive Problem Solving International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 3(4): 306-309.
15
Cavallucci, D. and R.D., 2001. Weill, Integrating Altshuller's development laws for technical systems into the design process. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 50(1): 115–120.
16
Ashrafizadeh, S.A. and M. Amidpour, 2012. Exergy analysis of humidification–dehumidification desalination systems using driving forces concept. Desalination, 285: 108–116.
17
Mistry, K.H., J.H. Lienhard V, and S.M. Zubair,2010. Effect of entropy generation on the performance of humidification-dehumidification desalination cycles.International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(9): 1837-1847.
18
Mistry, K.H., A. Mitsos, and J.H. Lienhard V, 2011. Optimal operating conditions and configurations for humidification e dehumidification desalination cycles. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50(5): 779-789.
19
Narayan, G.P., et al., 2013. Thermodynamic balancing of the humidification dehumidification desalination system by mass extraction and injection. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 57(2): 756–770.
20
Jubran, B.A., Ahmed, M. I, Ismail, A. F and Abakr, Y. A, 2000. Numerical modelling of a multi-stage Solar Still. Energy Conversion and Management, 41(11): 1107-1121.
21
Jaluria, Y., 2008. Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems (Second Edition). Taylor & Francis Group.
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Krishnan, V. and Ulrich, K.T. 2001. Product Development Decisions: A Review of the Literature. Management Science, 47(1): 1 – 21.
23
Anjos, G., et al., 2013. Heat Transfer Engineering: 3D ALE Finite Element Method for Two-Phase Flows with Phase Change. Heat Transfer Engineering, 35(5): 537-547.
24
Hughes, T. and Franca, L.P., 1987. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: VII. The stokes problem with various well-posed boundary conditions: Symmetric formulations that converge for all velocity/pressure spaces. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 65(1): 85-96.
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Hughes, T., Franca, L.P., and M. Balestra, 1986. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: V. Circumventing the babuška-brezzi condition: a stable Petrov-Galerkin formulation of the stokes problem accommodating equal-order interpolations. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 59(1): 85-99.
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Hughes, T., Franca, L.P. and M. Mallet, 1986. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: I. Symmetric forms of the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations and the second law of thermodynamics. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 54(2): 223-234.
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Hughes, T., Franca, L.P. and M. Mallet, 1987. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: VI. Convergence analysis of the generalized SUPG formulation for linear time-dependent multidimensional advective-diffusive systems. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 63(1): 97-112.
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Hughes, T.. and Mallet, M., 1986. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: III. The generalized streamline operator for multidimensional advective-diffusive systems. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 58(3): 305-328.
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Hughes, T., Mallet, M., and Akira, M., 1986. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: II. Beyond SUPG. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 54(3): 341-355.
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Shakib, F. and Hughes, T., 1991. A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: IX. Fourier analysis of space-time Galerkin/least-squares algorithms. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 87(1): 35-58.
34
Razzaqa, M., et al., 2011. FEM multigrid techniques for fluid–structure interaction with application to hemodynamics. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 62: 1156–1170.
35
Hsu, W. and Woon, I.M.Y., 1998. Current research in the conceptual design of mechanical products. Computer-Aided Design, 30(5): 377-389.
36
Hirtz, J., et al., 2002. A Functional Basis for Engineering Design: Reconciling and Evolving Previous Efforts. Research in Engineering Design, 13(2): 65-82.
37
Jose, A. and Tollenaere, M., 2004. Modular and platform methods for product family design: literature analysis. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 16(3): 371–390.
38
Li, W.D., et al., 2004. Feature-based design in a distributed and collaborative environment. Computer-Aided Design, 36(9): 775–797.
39
Petrick, I.J. and Echols, A.E., 2004. Technology roadmapping in review: A tool for making sustainable new product development decisions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 71(1-2): 81-100.
40
Ashby, M.F., 2000. Material Selection in Mechanical Design. Cambrige: Butterworth Heinemann.
41
Nawayseh, N.K., et al., 1997. A simulation study to improve the performance of a solar constructed in Jordan. Desalination, 109(3): 277-284.
42
Al-Hallaj, S., Farid, M.M. and Tamimi, A.R., 1998. Solar desalination with a humidification-dehumidification cycle: performance of the unit. Desalination, 120(3): 273-280.
43
Nafey, A.S., et al., 2004. Solar desalination using humidification dehumidification processes. Part I. A numerical investigation. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(7-8): 1243–1261.
44
Nafey, A.S., et al., 2004. Solar desalination using humidification–dehumidification processes.Part II. An experimental investigation. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(7-8): 1263–1277.
45
Ettouney, H., 2005. Design and analysis of humidification dehumidification desalination process. Desalination, 183(1-3): 341–352.
46
Xiong, R.H., et al., 2005. Experimental investigation of a baffled shell and tube desalination column using the humidification-dehumidification process. Desalination, 180(1-3): 253-261.
47
Zamen, M., Amidpourb, M. and Soufari, S.M., 2009. Cost optimization of a solar humidification–dehumidification desalination unit using mathematical programming. Desalination, 239(1-3): 92-99.
48
Zamen, M., et al., 2014. Experimental investigation of a two-stage solar humidification–dehumidification desalination process. Desalination, 332(1): 1-6.
49
Farsad, S. and Behzadmehr, A., 2011. Analysis of a solar desalination unit with humidification–dehumidification cycle using DoE method. Desalination, 278(1-3): 70-76.
50
Summers, E.K., M.A. Antar, and J.H. Lienhard V, 2012. Design and optimization of an air heating solar collector with integrated phase change material energy storage for use in humidification-dehumidification desalination. Solar Energy, 86(11): 3417-3429.
51
Eslamimanesh, A. and Hatamipour, M.S., 2009. Mathematical modeling of a direct contact humidification–dehumidification desalination process. Desalination, 237(1-3): 296–304.
52
Xiong, R., Wang, S. and Wang, Z., 2006. A mathematical model for a thermally coupled humidification–dehumidification desalination process. Desalination, 196(1-3): 177–187.
53
Bhujangrao, K.H., 2016. Design and Development of Cylindrical Parabolic Collector for Hot Water Generation. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 7(1): 1-6.
54
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55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Whey Treatment in Rotating Biological Contactor: Application of Taguchi Method
Industrial waste management is the main concern of sustainable environment, and the proper control and operation of wastewater treatment plants for efficient removal of pollutants are certainly important. In this study, the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method was applied to determine the optimum condition of some controlling parameters such as organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, number of stages, rotational speed and recycling for treating whey effluent in a rotating biological contactor (RBC). In order to determine the impacts of levels and factors, the optimum condition of the experiment was predicted and determined. QUALITEK-4 has reported 76.25% COD removal based on a desired experimental condition (COD: 50000 mg L−1, HRT: 24 h, No. of stages: 3). To improve the performance of the RBC, second optimum condition (COD: 50000 mg L−1, HRT: 24 h, recycling: positive, rotational speed: 10 rpm, No. of stages: 3) was also investigated. According to the above-stated conditions, the highest COD removal was found to be 98%. Furthermore, two sets of test experiments were also conducted in lab scale under optimum conditions, and the prediction of other combinations of factors/levels was evaluated. Overall, the experimental results demonstrated that Taguchi method was able to predict COD removal with an average relative error of 6.5%.
https://www.ijee.net/article_66937_b77a3acaa675b9126f92369301b7d59c.pdf
2018-06-01
146
152
10.5829/ijee.2018.09.02.10
COD removal
Controlling parameters
RBC reactor
Taguchi method
Whey effluent
A.
Ebrahimi
ebrahimi.at@gmail.com
1
Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering, Mazandaran Institute of Technology, Babol, Iran
AUTHOR
G. D.
Najafpour
najafpour8@gmail.com
2
Biotechnology Research Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Anazadeh
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Shomal University of Amol, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Ghavami
4
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
AUTHOR
Janczukowicz, W., M. Zieliński and M. Dębowski, 2008. Biodegradability evaluation of dairy effluents originated in selected sections of dairy production. Bioresource Technology, 99(10): 4199-4205.
1
Ebrahimi, A., M. Asadi and G. Najafpour, 2009. Dairy wastewater treatment using three-stage rotating biological contactor (NRBC). International Journal of Engineering, 22(2): 107-114.
2
Bylund, G. and T. Pak, Dairy processing handbook2003: Tetra Pak Processing Systems AB Lund.
3
Ebrahimi, A., G.D. Najafpour, M. Mohammadi and B. Hashemiyeh, 2010. Biological treatment of whey in an UASFF bioreactor followed a three-stage RBC. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, 16(2): 175182.
4
Yorgun, M., I.A. Balcioglu and O. Saygin, 2008. Performance comparison of ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis on whey treatment. Desalination, 229(1): 204-216.
5
Farizoglu, B., B. Keskinler, E. Yildiz and A. Nuhoglu, 2007. Simultaneous removal of C, N, P from cheese whey by jet loop membrane bioreactor (JLMBR). Journal of hazardous materials, 146(1): 399-407.
6
Fang, H.H., 1991. Treatment of wastewater from a whey processing plant using activated sludge and anaerobic processes. Journal of dairy science, 74(6): 2015-2019.
7
Najafpour, G., A. Zinatizadeh and L. Lee, 2006. Performance of a three-stage aerobic RBC reactor in food canning wastewater treatment. Biochemical engineering journal, 30(3): 297-302.
8
Çinar, Ö., H. Hasar and C. Kinaci, 2006. Modeling of submerged membrane bioreactor treating cheese whey wastewater by artificial neural network. Journal of biotechnology, 123(2): 204-209.
9
Mba, D. and R. Bannister, 2007. Ensuring effluent standards by improving the design of Rotating Biological Contactors. Desalination, 208(1): 204-215.
10
Kubsad, V., S. Chaudhari and S. Gupta, 2004. Model for oxygen transfer in rotating biological contactor. Water research, 38(20): 4297-4304.
11
Najafpour, D.G., P.N. Naidu and A.H. Kamaruddin, 2008. Rotating biological contactor for biological treatment of poultry processing plant wastewater using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2(1): 1-6.
12
Najafpour, G., H.A. Yieng, H. Younesi and A. Zinatizadeh, 2005. Effect of organic loading on performance of rotating biological contactors using palm oil mill effluents. Process biochemistry, 40(8): 2879-2884.
13
Castillo, E., M. Vergara and Y. Moreno, 2007. Landfill leachate treatment using a rotating biological contactor and an upward-flow anaerobic sludge bed reactor. Waste Management, 27(5): 720-726.
14
Sirianuntapiboon, S. and C. Chuamkaew, 2007. Packed cage rotating biological contactor system for treatment of cyanide wastewater. Bioresource technology, 98(2): 266-272.
15
Erzurumlu, T. and B. Ozcelik, 2006. Minimization of warpage and sink index in injection-molded thermoplastic parts using Taguchi optimization method. Materials & design, 27(10): 853-861.
16
Wang, T.-Y. and C.-Y. Huang, 2007. Improving forecasting performance by employing the Taguchi method. European journal of operational research, 176(2): 1052-1065.
17
Ho, W.-H., J.-T. Tsai, B.-T. Lin and J.-H. Chou, 2009. Adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system for prediction of surface roughness in end milling process using hybrid Taguchi-genetic learning algorithm. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(2): 3216-3222.
18
Taguchi, G. and D. Clausing, 1990. Robust quality. Harvard Business Review, 68(1): 65-75.
19
Singaravelu, J., D. Jeyakumar and B. Nageswara Rao, 2009. Taguchi's approach for reliability and safety assessments in the stage separation process of a multistage launch vehicle. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 94(10): 15261541.
20
Oztop, M.H., S. Sahin and G. Sumnu, 2007. Optimization of microwave frying of potato slices by using Taguchi technique. Journal of Food Engineering, 79(1): 83-91.
21
Burton, M., A. Subic, M. Mazur and M. Leary, 2010. Systematic design customization of sport wheelchairs using the Taguchi method. Procedia Engineering, 2(2): 26592665.
22
Al-Darrab, I.A., Z.A. Khan, M.A. Zytoon and S.I. Ishrat, 2009. Application of the Taguchi method for optimization of parameters to maximize text message entering performance of mobile phone users. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 26(5): 469-479.
23
Aber, S., D. Salari and M. Parsa, 2010. Employing the Taguchi method to obtain the optimum conditions of coagulation–flocculation process in tannery wastewater treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 162(1): 127-134.
24
Zolfaghari, G., A. Esmaili-Sari, M. Anbia, H. Younesi, S. Amirmahmoodi and A. Ghafari-Nazari, 2011. Taguchi optimization approach for Pb (II) and Hg (II) removal from aqueous solutions using modified mesoporous carbon. Journal of hazardous materials, 192(3): 1046-1055.
25
Türkmen, İ., R. Gül and C. Çelik, 2008. A Taguchi approach for investigation of some physical properties of concrete produced from mineral admixtures. Building and environment, 43(6): 1127-1137.
26
Rosa, J.L., A. Robin, M. Silva, C.A. Baldan and M.P. Peres, 2009. Electrodeposition of copper on titanium wires: Taguchi experimental design approach. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 209(3): 1181-1188.
27
Zeng, M., L. Tang, M. Lin and Q. Wang, 2010. Optimizationof heat exchangers with vortex-generator fin by Taguchi method. Applied Thermal Engineering, 30(13): 1775-1783.
28
Dingal, S., T. Pradhan, J.S. Sundar, A.R. Choudhury and S. Roy, 2008. The application of Taguchi’s method in the experimental investigation of the laser sintering process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 38(9-10): 904-914.
29
Lakshminarayanan, A. and V. Balasubramanian, 2008. Process parameters optimization for friction stir welding of RDE-40 aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 18(3): 548-554.
30
Zhang, J.Z., J.C. Chen and E.D. Kirby, 2007. Surface roughness optimization in an end-milling operation using the Taguchi design method. Journal of materials processing technology, 184(1): 233-239.
31
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