ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Micro-properties of Molding Products between Modified Corn Stalk and Pulverized Coal
Taking Shanxi fat coal, Shanxi 4# coke coal and Shenmu low rank pulverized coal as raw materials, three different concentrations of NaOH modified corn stalk were used as binder. The effect of changing NaOH concentrations and coal particle size used in moulding briquette and formed coke on its SEM micrographs, combustion property and FTIR absorption strength were investigated. The micro-properties of corn stalk before and after modification was also discussed. Results showed that the moisture content and ash yield of modified corn stalk increased obviously and the volatile yield showed opposite trend. 2.0% NaOH modified corn stalk showed more voids or porosity which could wrap a large number of coal particles to form strong strength briquette. Addition of modified corn stalk could reduces the briquette burning time and increased burning rate with strong flame and good ignition. From SEM micrograph, briquette had rough surface, and different sizes coal particles and fiber were bound together firmly. Formed coke showed light gray metallic luster, light mass, obvious circular holes and small gaps among particles.The melting colloid and binder could better infiltrate and encapsulate coal particles to form a dense and impermeable entity, which blocked the channels of organic group decomposition during pyrolysis process. Thus, it is forming many holes of different sizes on the surface and inside formed coke. The infrared spectrum of formed coke was simplier than briquette, and the absorption peak number was less and absorption strength was weaker also.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90071_9528922729539639ef9b258019f37386.pdf
2019-06-01
72
79
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.01
binder
Briquette
Corn stalk
Formed Coke
Micro-Properties
Molding
J.
Chen
chenjuanchen1985@163.com
1
School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yulin University, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province,China
LEAD_AUTHOR
Y.
Haijun
2
National Coal and Salt Chemical Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center,Yulin, Shannxi, China
AUTHOR
L.
Hao
3
School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yulin University, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province,China
AUTHOR
Z.
Zhifang
4
School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yulin University, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province,China
AUTHOR
L.
Mei
5
School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Yulin University, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province,China
AUTHOR
1. Minggao, Q.I.A.N., 2017. Efforts to be made to achieve the transition of Chinese coal industry from quantity to quality. China Coal, 43(7): 5-9.
1
2 Wu, W., Mo, R. and Wang, Z., 2002. Occurrence Features and Geological Work of Gemanium Resource in Yimin Coalfield, Inner Mongolia [J]. Geology of Inner Mangolia, 1: 618-628.
2
3 Baoqi, M., Xiongwei, L., 2014. The Developing Trend of China's semi-coke industry [J]. Coal Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, 4: 22-26.
3
4 Zhang, Q., Yang, J., 2013. developing carbon industry in Yulin[J]. Industrial& Science Tribune,8: 61-62.
4
5 Lela, B., Barišić, M. and Nižetić, S., 2016. Cardboard/sawdust briquettes as biomass fuel: Physical–mechanical and thermal characteristics. Waste Management, 47: 236-245.
5
6. Thabuot, M., Pagketanang, T., Panyacharoen, K., Mongkut, P. and Wongwicha, P., 2015. Effect of applied pressure and binder proportion on the fuel properties of holey bio-briquettes. Energy Procedia, 79: 890-895.
6
7. Gao, P., Zhou, Y., Meng, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhang, W. and Xue, G., 2016. Preparation and characterization of hydrochar from waste eucalyptus bark by hydrothermal carbonization. Energy, 97: 238-245.
7
8. Syafrudin, S., Zaman, B., Indriyani, I., Erga, A.S. and Natalia, H.B., 2015. The Utilization of Bottom Ash Coal for Briquette Products by Adding Teak Leaves Charcoal, Coconut Shell Charcoal, and Rice Husk Charcoal. Waste Technology, 3(1): 14-21.
8
9. Akuma, O. and Charles, M., 2017. Characteristic Analysis of Bio-coal Briquette (Coal and Groundnut Shell Admixtures). International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 2(3): 30-38.
9
10. Jhadav, P.V., Dashore, S. and Chaudhary, K., 2016. Biomass Briquette System: Pollution Free Thermal Energy Resources. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(1): 1165-1171.
10
11. Xinfu, H., Lei, Y., Hongju, W., Jianguo, W. and Anning, Z., 2016. Study on pyrolysis characteristics of bio-briquette. Coal Science and Technology, 9: p.33-39.
11
12. Juan, C., Hao, L., Jian, L., Zhifang, Z. and Xiaohui, B., 2017. Research on corn stalk briquette binder of low metamorphic pulverized coals. China Coal, 4: 33-37.
12
13. Huang, G.X., Chen, L.J. and Cao, J., 2008. Briquetting mechanism and waterproof performance of bio-briquette. Journal of China Coal Society, 33(7): 812-815.
13
14. Chen, L.J., Chai, Y.Y. and Zhu, Z.H., 1997. Study of micro-structure of briquette. Journal of China Coal Society, 22(3): 304-307.
14
15. Lanying, P., 2009. An experimental study on using slime and crops’ straw to produce bio-briquette. China Coal, 1: 61-63.
15
16. Zheng, L., Dang, Z., Yi, X. and Zhang, H., 2010. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueous solution using modified corn stalk. Journal of hazardous materials, 176(1-3): 650-656.
16
17. Demirbaş, A., 1999. Properties of charcoal derived from hazelnut shell and the production of briquettes using pyrolytic oil. Energy, 24(2): 141-150.
17
18. Xiang, L.I., Qin, Z.H., Bu, L.H., Zhuang, Y.A.N.G. and Shen, C.Y., 2016. Structural analysis of functional group and mechanism investigation of caking property of coking coal. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 44(4): 385-393.
18
19. Feng J., Li, W.Y., Xie, K.C., 2002. Research on coal structure using FT-IR. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 31(5): 362-366.
19
20. Jones, J.M., Pourkashanian, M., Rena, C.D. and Williams, A., 1999. Modelling the relationship of coal structure to char porosity. Fuel, 78(14): 1737-1744.
20
21. Blesa, M.J., Miranda, J.L., Moliner, R., Izquierdo, M.T. and Palacios, J.M., 2003. Low-temperature co-pyrolysis of a low-rank coal and biomass to prepare smokeless fuel briquettes. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 70(2): 665-677.
21
22. Zhijian, G., Xiao, M., and Ying, J., 2011. Optimization in selection of raw materials and binder for mould coke. Coal Processing & Comprehensive Utilization, 6: 15-18.
22
23. Li, J., Yang, J. and Liu, Z., 2008. Hydro-treatment of a direct coal liquefaction residue and its components. Catalysis Today, 130(2-4): 389-394.
23
24. Soncini, R.M., Means, N.C. and Weiland, N.T., 2013. Co-pyrolysis of low rank coals and biomass: Product distributions. Fuel, 112: 74-82.
24
25. Li, J.G., Fang, Y.T., Zhang, Y.Q., Li, C.Y. and Wang, Y., 2008. Property of char from fast pyrolysis of direct coal liquefaction residue. Journal Fuel Chemistry Technology, 36(3): 273-278.
25
26. Wang, Y.F., Gao, J.S., Wu, C.L., Wu, D. and Xu, Y., 2000. Study on coking mechanism of anthracite formed coke. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 28(3): 216-220.
26
27. Li, Y., Tang, X., 2001. Research factors affected to strength of coke. Coal Science and Ttechnology,4: 23-26.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Experimental Study on Cooling the Photovoltaic Modules by Fins to Improve Power Generation: Economic Assessment
Photovoltaic (PV) power plant is one of the most important renewable power generation methods, which is rapidly developing. One of the weak points of PV power plants is the negative effects of increasing the cells temperature on their power generation. In this study, a simple and low cost method is proposed to reduce the temperature of these panels. The use of fins has been proven in many industrial applications and here it is used as coolant of PV panel. This experiment was performed in maximum operating temperature of photovoltaic modules which is known as 85°C. By using numbers of aluminum fins on the back surface of photovoltaic panels under two different irradiation, the temperature reduction up to 7.4 °C was observed, and this reduction leads to 2.72 % increasing in efficiency. Finally, an economical assessment of the offered cases based on output power of PV panels carried out, which shows a suitable economic justifiability.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90072_6439cd823fddd876aa0111c1a30d59f6.pdf
2019-06-01
80
84
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.02
Economic
energy analysis
fin
Photovoltaic
M.
Firoozzadeh
firooz_mechanic@yahoo.com
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Shiravi
ahshiravi@jsu.ac.ir
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Shafiee
shafiee@jsu.ac.ir
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran
AUTHOR
1. G. Boligán Rojas, R. Lorenzo Ávila Rondon, A. Carolina Meléndez Gurrola, Mechanical Engineering Design Theory Framework for Solar Desalination Processes: A Review and Meta-Analysis, Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment; previously called: Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 9(2), (2018), 137-145.
1
2. S. Dubey, G. Tiwari, Thermal modeling of a combined system of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar water heater, Solar energy, 82(7), (2008), 602-612.
2
3. C. Arkar, S. Medved, Free cooling of a building using PCM heat storage integrated into the ventilation system, Solar Energy, 81(9), (2007), 1078-1087.
3
4. S. Yadav, V.P. Chandramohan, Numerical Analysis on Thermal Energy Storage Device With Finned Copper Tube for an Indirect Type Solar Drying System, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 140(3), (2018), 031009-031013.
4
5. E. Skoplaki, J.A. Palyvos, On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations, Solar energy, 83(5), (2009), 614-624.
5
6. M. Chandrasekar, S. Rajkumar, D. Valavan, A review on the thermal regulation techniques for non integrated flat PV modules mounted on building top, Energy and Buildings, 86, (2015), 692-697.
6
7. S. Aberoumand, S. Ghamari, B. Shabani, Energy and exergy analysis of a photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) system using nanofluids: An experimental study, Solar Energy, 165, (2018), 167-177.
7
8. M. Firoozzadeh, A.H. Shiravi, M. Shafiee, Experimental Study on Photovoltaic Cooling System Integrated With Carbon Nano Fluid, Journal of Solar Energy Research, 3(4), (2018), 287-292.
8
9. M. Ghadiri, M. Sardarabadi, M. Pasandideh-fard, A.J. Moghadam, Experimental investigation of a PVT system performance using nano ferrofluids, Energy Conversion and Management, 103, (2015), 468-476.
9
10. M. Huang, P. Eames, B. Norton, Phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in building integrated photovoltaics, Solar Energy, 80(9), (2006), 1121-1130.
10
11. P.H. Biwole, P. Eclache, F. Kuznik, Phase-change materials to improve solar panel's performance, Energy and Buildings, 62, (2013), 59-67.
11
12. M. Firoozzadeh, A.H. Shiravi, M. Shafiee, Experimental and Analytical Study on Enhancing the Efficiency of the Photovoltaic Panels by Using the Polyethylene-Glycol 600 (PEG 600) as a Phase Change Material, Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment; previously called: Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 10(1), (2019), 23-32.
12
13. R. Thaib, S. Rizal, Hamdani, T.M.I. Mahlia, N.A. Pambudi, Experimental analysis of using beeswax as phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in building integrated photovoltaics, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 12, (2018), 223-227.
13
14. P. Atkin, M.M. Farid, Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic cells using PCM infused graphite and aluminium fins, Solar Energy, 114, (2015), 217-228.
14
15. S. Khanna, K.S. Reddy, T.K. Mallick, Optimization of finned solar photovoltaic phase change material (finned pv pcm) system, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 130, (2018), 313-322.
15
16. H. Bahaidarah, A. Subhan, P. Gandhidasan, S. Rehman, Performance evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic) module by back surface water cooling for hot climatic conditions, Energy, 59, (2013), 445-453.
16
17. S. Krauter, Increased electrical yield via water flow over the front of photovoltaic panels, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 82(1), (2004), 131-137.
17
18. T.T. Chow, W. He, J. Ji, An experimental study of façade-integrated photovoltaic/water-heating system, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27(1), (2007), 37-45.
18
19. H.-L. Tsai, Design and Evaluation of a Photovoltaic/Thermal-Assisted Heat Pump Water Heating System, Energies, 7(5), (2014), 3319-3338.
19
20. R. Kumar, M.A. Rosen, Performance evaluation of a double pass PV/T solar air heater with and without fins, Applied Thermal Engineering, 31(8), (2011), 1402-1410.
20
21. G. Mittelman, A. Alshare, J.H. Davidson, A model and heat transfer correlation for rooftop integrated photovoltaics with a passive air cooling channel, Solar Energy, 83(8), (2009), 1150-1160.
21
22. J.-H. Kim, J.-G. Ahn, J.-T. Kim, Demonstration of the performance of an air-type photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system coupled with a heat-recovery ventilator, Energies, 9(9), (2016), 728-742.
22
23. A. Makki, S. Omer, Y. Su, H. Sabir, Numerical investigation of heat pipe-based photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (HP-PV/TEG) hybrid system, Energy conversion and management, 112, (2016), 274-287.
23
24. J. Skovajsa, M. Koláček, M. Zálešák, Phase Change Material Based Accumulation Panels in Combination with Renewable Energy Sources and Thermoelectric Cooling, Energies, 10(2), (2017), 152-170.
24
25. G. Li, X. Chen, Y. Jin, Analysis of the Primary Constraint Conditions of an Efficient Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Hybrid System, Energies, 10(1), (2017), 20-31.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Elimination of Chloroform (CHCl3) from Drinking Water via a Synergistic Effect of Stripping, Oxidation and Adsorption Process in Air Lift Loop Reactor
In this work, a modified internal loop airlift reactor has been designed to remove the organic pollutants in synthetic wastewater at an efficient and inexpensive treatment technique by means of a synergistic effect combining of (oxidation, stripping and adsorption). The validation of the current style was experimentally examined in the treatment of synthetic Wastewater contained chloroform. The experimental testing rig was implemented at various air flow rates range (5-20) (L/min), with total variable residence period (5-60 min) with a different molar ratio of CHCl3 to H2O2 i.e. 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20. The results showed that the best molar ratio of chloroform to hydrogen peroxide was 1:20 for the air flow rate 18 L/min and extended retention period (60 min) having the uppermost results (83.3%) to remove chloroform from the contaminated effluent water. This design complements the research objectives with high efficiency through the synergy of stripping, oxidation and adsorption processes to remove contaminated chloroform from wastewater. This work contributes to a part of the solution of the environmental problems of the contaminated water before recycling, reuse or released to our safe environment.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90073_8aeefd486ac59b3915395f5e6fa21c76.pdf
2019-06-01
85
90
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.03
Adsorption
Chloroform
Stripping
Synergistic System
oxidation
A. A.
Rahman–Al Ezzi
80070@uotechnology.edu.iq
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
S. H.
Alhamdiny
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
AUTHOR
1. Baruth, E. E., 2005. Water Treatment Plant Design. 4th Edition.Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Company, New York.
1
2. Fearing, D.A., Banks, J., Wilson, D., Hillis, P.H., Campbell, A.T. and Parsons, S.A., 2004. NOM control options: the next generation. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 4(4): 139-145.
2
3. Gallard, H. and von Gunten, U., 2002. Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation. Water research, 36(1): 65-74.
3
4. Lin, C.F., Huang, Y.J. and Hao, O.J., 1999. Ultrafiltration processes for removing humic substances: effect of molecular weight fractions and PAC treatment. Water Research, 33(5): 1252-1264.
4
5. Çapar, G. and Yetış, Ü., 2002. Removal of THM precursors by GAC: Ankara case study. Water Research, 36(5): 1379-1384.
5
6. King, W.D., Dodds, L. and Allen, A.C., 2000. Relation between stillbirth and specific chlorination by-products in public water supplies. Environmental health perspectives, 108(9): 883-886.
6
7. Morawski, A.W., Kalenczuk, R. and Inagaki, M., 2000. Adsoption of trihalomethanes (THMs) onto carbon spheres. Desalination, 130(2): 107-112.
7
8. Bradley, P.M., Landmeyer, J.E. and Chapelle, F.H., 1999. Aerobic mineralization of MTBE and tert-butyl alcohol by stream-bed sediment microorganisms. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(11): 1877-1879.
8
9. Bolton, J.R., Bircher, K.G., Tumas, W. and Tolman, C.A., 1996. Figures-of-merit for the technical development and application of advanced oxidation processes. Journal of advanced oxidation technologies, 1(1):13-17.
9
10. Petrozzi, S., Kut, O.M. and Dunn, I.J., 1993. Protection of biofilms against toxic shocks by the adsorption and desorption capacity of carriers in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors. Bioprocess Engineering, 9(2-3): 47-59.
10
11. Fortin, N.Y. and Deshusses, M.A., 1999. Treatment of methyl tert-butyl ether vapors in biotrickling filters. 1. Reactor startup, steady-state performance, and culture characteristics. Environmental Science & Technology, 33(17): 2980-2986.
11
12. Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R. and Nigam, P., 2001. Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative. Bioresource technology, 77(3): 247-255.
12
13. Achten, C., 2001. Methyl Tert-butyl Ether (MTBE) in the Aquatic Environment in Germany. Doctoral dissertation, Verlag nicht ermittelbar, Frankfurt Goethe University.
13
14. Glaze, W.H., Beltran, F., Tuhkanen, T. and Kang, J.W., 1992. Chemical models of advanced oxidation processes. Water Quality Research Journal, 27(1): 23-42.
14
15. Alnaizy, R. and Ibrahim, T.H., 2009. MTBE removal from contaminated water by the UV/H2O2 process. Desalination and Water Treatment, 10(1-3): 291-297.
15
16. Beltran, F.J., Ovejero, G. and Acedo, B., 1993. Oxidation of atrazine in water by ultraviolet radiation combined with hydrogen peroxide. Water Research, 27(6): 1013-1021.
16
17. Crittenden, J.C., Reddy, P.S., Arora, H., Trynoski, J., Hand, D.W., Perram, D.L. and Summers, R.S., 1991. Predicting GAC performance with rapid small‐scale column tests. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 83(1): 77-87.
17
18. Abdul Rahman-Al Ezzi, A. and Najmuldeen, G.F., 2015. Trio Effects Portable Water Treatment System. Iranica Journal of Energy and Environment, 6(2): 119-126.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Acid Catalysis of Waste Cooking Oils for Biodiesel Production
Sustainable energy source and pollution free environment is the immediate requirement of developing countries. Waste cooking oils of five different origins were considered in the present work for biodiesel production. Attempt was made to study the effect of process variables on acid-catalyzed oil transesterification. The various parameters such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of alcohol, and free fatty acids were analyzed to determine the optimum condition for biodiesel production. Food grade coconut, mustard, olive, peanut and soybean waste cooking oils were used to produce biodiesel. Attempt was made to develop mathematical expressions by correlating different input parameters and yield of biodiesel obtained with all the five oil samples. The experimental yield was also compared with those obtained from developed correlations. Good agreement among experimental and theoretical values was observed which implies that this study maybe considered as a base line for the development of an optimum biodiesel production plant.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90074_a47d054e4894f4277928c40a7347bfcf.pdf
2019-06-01
91
95
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.04
Acid-catalyzed Transesterification
Biodiesel
Vegetable oils
Waste cooking oils
I. V.
Priya
ivishnupriya96@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769 008, India
AUTHOR
S. V. A. R.
Sastry
svarsastry@yahoo.com
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous), Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Sahoo
abantisahoo@gmail.com
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769 008, India
AUTHOR
1. Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., and Noda, H., “Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils”, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Vol. 92, No. 5, (2001), 405-416.
1
2. Vicente, G., Martınez, M., and Aracil, J., “Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison ofdifferent homogeneous catalysts systems”, Bioresource technology,Vol. 92, No. 3, (2004), 297-305.
2
3. Tesser, R., Di Serio, M., Guida, M., Nastasi, M., and Santacesaria, E., “Kinetics of oleic acid esterification with methanol in the presence of triglycerides”, Industrial & engineering chemistry research, Vol. 44, No. 21, (2005), 7978-7982.
3
4. Lopez, D.E., Goodwin Jr, J.G., Bruce, D.A., and Lotero, E., “Transesterificationoftriacetin with methanol on solid acid and base catalysts”, Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 295, No. 2, (2005), 97-105.
4
5. Kim, H.J., Kang, B.S., Kim, M.J., Park, Y.M., Kim, D.K., Lee, J.S., and Lee, K.Y., “Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst”, Catalysis today, Vol. 93, (2004), 315-20.
5
6. Leung, D. Y., Wu, X., and Leung, M., “A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification”, Applied Energy,Vol. 87, No. 4, (2010), 1083-1095.
6
7. Canakci, M. and Van, Gerpen J., “Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids”, Transactions-American Society of Agricultural Engineers,Vol. 44, No. 6, (2001), 1429-1436.
7
8. Demirbas, A., “Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods” Progress in energy and combustion science, Vol. 31, No. 5-6, (2005), 466-487.
8
9. Kasim, N. S., Tsai, T. H., Gunawan, S., and H Ju ,Y., “Biodiesel production from rice bran oil and supercritical methanol”, Bio-resource technology, Vol. 100, No. 8, (2009), 2399-2403.
9
10. Pal, K. and Prakash, A., “New cost-effective method for conversion of vegetable oil tobiodiesel”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 121, (2012), 13-18.
10
11. Zhu, Y., Xu, J., and Mortimer, P. E.,“The influence of seed oil and oil storage on the acid levels of rubber seed oil, derived from Heveabrasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna China”, Energy, Vol. 36, No. 8, (2011), 5403 –5408.
11
12. Sastry, S.V.A.R, “Biodiesel Production: Lab Studies to Pilot Plant
12
Studies”, M.Tech Thesis, (2005), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi.
13
13. Gupta, A.K. and Sastry, S.V.A.R, “Developing the rate–equation for biodiesel production reaction”, Advances in Energy Research, (2006), 127-133.
14
14. Sastry, S.V.A.R, and Murthy, C.V.R, “Prospects of biodiesel for future energy security”, Elixir, Chemical Engg, Vol. 53, (2012), 12029-12034.
15
15. Sastry, S.V.A.R, and Murthy, C.V.R, “Potential of Edible and Non-Edible Oils Grown in India and Their Utilization in the Production of Biodiesel”, i-Manager's Journal on Future Engineering and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 3, (2015), 38-44.
16
16. Sastry, S.V.A.R, and Murthy, C.V.R, “Synthesis of biodiesel by In-situ transesterification of Karanja oil”, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 49, No. 4, (2014), 211-218.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Response Surface Methodology for Sago Wastewater Treatment by Ozonation
A treatment method based on the degradation of sago processing wastewater using ozonation process was conducted in this research study. The optimization of the process variables was designed with the aid of software called Design Expert and the technique was called response surface methodology (RSM) in Central composite design. The effect of ozonation variables like pH, treatment time and ozone concentration on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of sago waste water was investigated. Interestingly, two different types of results like maximum removal of COD and optimum removal of COD were observed. Maximum COD removal of 62.45% was at pH 9.8, ozonation time 95.7 min, ozone dose 42% and optimum COD removal 0f 56.7% was at pH 9.8, ozonation time 35.7 min, and ozone dose 42%. Bacterial count was found to be nil after ozonation and microscopic observation of biomass proved that the sludge content had effectively reduced after ozonation treatment. It was determined that the ozonation of sago wastewater was a promising effort in wastewater treatment.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90076_ea263e1487c296b0949dc0f742402f00.pdf
2019-06-01
96
103
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.05
Central composite design
Chemical Oxygen demand
Ozonation
Sago Wastewater
Response Surface Methodology
G.
Anju
1
School of Ocean Engineering and Underwater Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean studies, Panangad, Kerala, India
AUTHOR
B.
Subha
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, South Korea
AUTHOR
M.
Muthukumar
3
Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Science Systems, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, India
AUTHOR
T.
Sangeetha
sangeetha@mail.ntut.edu.tw
4
Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, Research Centre of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Muthukumar, M. and Sangeetha, T., 2014. The harnessing of bioenergy from a dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) employing sago-processing wastewater as catholyte. International Journal of Green Energy. 11, 161-172.
1
Sangeetha, T., Muthukumar., 2012. Influence of electrode material and electrode distance on bioelectricity production from sago-processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell. Journal of Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy. 32 (2): 390-395.
2
Priya, M., Meenambal, T., Balasubramanian, N., and Perumal, B., 2015. Comparative Study of Treatment of Sago Wastewater using HUASB Reactor in the Presence and Absence of Effective Microorganisms. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science. 11, 483-490.
3
Monisha, T., S. Rajakumar, and P. M. Ayyasamy., 2013. Microbial-Treated Sago Mill Effluent: A Potential Water Resource for Agroecosystem Management. In: Velu R. (eds) Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management. Springer. India.
4
Elaiyaraju, P., Partha, N., 2012. Biogas Production from Sago (Tapioca) Wastewater Using Anaerobic Batch Reactor. Energy and Environment. 23, 631-645.
5
Parthiban, R., Iyer, P.V.R. and Sekaran, G., 2007. Anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor for starch wastewater treatment and modeling using multilayer perceptron neural network. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19, 1416-1423.
6
Gopalakrishna, K., 2007. Performance studies of hybrid reactor for the treatment of sago wastewater. Environmental Information Archives. 5: 415-421.
7
Balasundaram, N., Meenambal, T., Balasubramanium, N., and Loganath, R., 2014. Comparative Study of Different Media in the Treatment of Sago Wastewater using HUASB Reactor. Nature Environmental Pollution Technology. 13(3), 511-516.
8
Rajasimman, C., Karthikeyan, M., 2007. Starch Wastewater Treatment in a Three Phase Fluidized Bed Bioreactor with Low Density Biomass Support. Journal of Applied Sciences Environmental Management. 11, 97 – 102.
9
Savitha, S., Sadhasivam, S., Swaminathan, K., Lin, F. H., 2009. A prototype of proposed treatment plant for sago factory effluent. Journal of Cleaner Production. 17: 1363-1372.
10
Rajesh Banu, J., Yeom, I. T., Esakkiraj, S., NareshKumar and Logakanthi, S., 2008. Bio management of sago-sludge using an earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae. Journal of Environmental Biology. 29, 143-146.
11
Maheshwari, P.,Venilamani, N., Madhavakrishnan, S., Syed Shabudeen, P.S., Venckatesh,R and Pattabhi, S., 2008. Utilization of Sago Waste as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Cu (II) Ion from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Chemistry. 5, 233-242.
12
Behin, J., Farhadian, N., 2016. Response surface methodology for ozonation of trifluralin using advanced oxidation processes in an airlift photoreactor. Applied Water Sciences. 1-10.
13
Asaithambi, P., Susree, M., Saravanathamizhan, R., and Matheswaran, M., 2012. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for the treatment of distillery effluent. Desalination, 297, 1-7.
14
Huerta-Fontela, M., Galceran, M. T., and Ventura, F., 2011. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and hormones through drinking water treatment. Water Research. 45, 1432-1442.
15
Rodríguez, L., Oller, I., Klamerth, N., Agüera, A., Rodríguez, E. M., and Malato, S., 2013. Application of solar AOPs and ozonation for elimination of micro pollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. Water research. 47 (4), 1521-1528.
16
Anam, A., Abdul, A., and Wan, M., 2015. Advanced oxidation processes for in-situ production of hydrogen peroxide/hydroxyl radical for textile wastewater treatment: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 87, 826-838.
17
Amr, S. S. A., Aziz, H. A., and Bashir, M. J., 2014. Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment using ozone. Applied Water Sciences. 4, 231-239.
18
Dutta, S., Ghosh, A., Moi, S. C., and Saha, R., 2015. Application of response surface methodology for optimization of reactive azo dye degradation process by Fenton's oxidation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Development. 6, 818-823.
19
Wambui, J. M., Karuri, E. G., and Wanyoike, M. M., 2017. Application of Response Surface Methodology to Study the Effects of Brisket Fat, Soy Protein Isolate, and Cornstarch on Nutritional and Textural Properties of Rabbit Sausages. International Journal of Food Science. 2017.
20
Zhao, X., Wang, L., Ma, F., Bai, S., Yang, J., and Qi, S., 2017. Pseudomonas sp. ZXY-1, a newly isolated and highly efficient atrazine-degrading bacterium, and optimization of biodegradation using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 54, 152-159.
21
APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st ed. American Public Health Association, New York, USA, 2005.
22
Subha, B. and Muthukumar, M., 2012. Optimization of ozonation process for the reduction of excess sludge production from activated sludge process of sago industry wastewater using central composite design. The Scientific World Journal. 2012 (Article ID 239271).
23
Chen, F., Yuan, Y., Chen, C., Zhao, Y., Tan, W., Huang, C., Wang, A. 2016. Investigation of colloidal biogenic sulfur flocculation: Optimization using response surface analysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 42, 227-235.
24
Sujatha, K., and Kumar, K., 2011. Variations on physico-chemical characteristics of waste water from Sago industries of Salem, Tamil nadu. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring. 23, 185-190.
25
Subha, B., Song, Y. C., and Woo, J. H., 2017. Bioremediation of contaminated coastal sediment: optimization of slow release biostimulant ball using response surface methodology (RSM) and stabilization of metals from contaminated sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 114, 285-295.
26
Modhirshahla, N., Behnajady, M.A, Kooshaiian, S., 2007. Investigation of the effect of different electrode connections on the removal efficiency of tartrazine from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation. Dyes and Pigments. 74, 249-257.
27
Singh, S., Fan, M., Brown, M.C., 2008. Ozone treatment of process water from a dry-mill ethanol plant. Bioresource Technology. 99: 1801-1505.
28
García-Orozco, V. M., Barrera-Díaz, C. E., Roa-Morales, G., and Linares-Hernández, I., 2016. A Comparative Electrochemical-Ozone Treatment for Removal of Phenolphthalein. Journal of. Chemistry. 2016 (Article ID 8105128).
29
Sreethawong, T., Chavadej, S., 2008. Color removal of distillery wastewater by ozonation in the absence and presence of immobilized iron oxide catalyst. Journal of Hazardous Material. 155: 486-493.
30
Terry, P. A. 2010. Application of ozone and oxygen to reduce chemical oxygen demand and hydrogen sulfide from a recovered paper processing plant. International Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2010: 1-6.
31
Wang, S., Ma, J., Liu, B., Jiang, Y., Zhang, H. 2008. Degradation characteristics of secondary effluent of domestic wastewater by combined process of ozonation and biofiltration. Journal of Hazardous Matererials. 150: 109-114.
32
Ulson, S. M. D. A. G., Bonilla, K. A. S., and De Souza, A. A. U., 2010. Removal of COD and color from hydrolyzed textile azo dye by combined ozonation and biological treatment. Journal of Hazardous Matererials. 179, 35-42.
33
Muhlisin, M., Cho, Y., Choi, J. H., Hahn, T. W., and Lee, S. K., 2015. Bacterial counts and oxidative properties of chicken breast inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium exposed to gaseous ozone. Journal of Food Safety. 35, 137-144.
34
Muhlisin, M., Utama, D. T., Lee, J. H., Choi, J. H., and Lee, S. K., 2016. Effects of gaseous ozone exposure on bacterial counts and oxidative properties in chicken and duck breast meat. Journal of Food Sciences and Animal Resources, 36, 405-411.
35
Zhang, Y. Q., Wu, Q. P., Zhang, J. M., and Yang, X. H., 2011. Effects of ozone on membrane permeability and ultrastructure in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 111, 1006-1015.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Role of Nanoparticles as Performance and Emission Improver of Compression Ignition Engine Fuels: An Overview
Applications of nano-scaled energetic materials in diesel and diesel-biodiesel blends as catalytic agents have emerged contemporarily in pace to develop an efficient and eco-friendly alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. Inclusion of nanoparticles as additives for CI engine fuels promises as overall improver of engine performance and emission characteristics. However, simultaneous control on engine performance parameters and emission characteristics is usually difficult. Dispersion of nano-additives improves combustion efficiency by altering specific fuel properties of diesel. Average particle size of 40-50 nm facilitate greater surface-to-volume ratio, hence ensure more complete combustion through further chain reactions during combustion. Nanoparticles as catalytic agents in diesel and its proportionate blends have recently emerged as game changer but their potential is in-fact not fully explored for market acceptability. The following are the major challenges that are to be considered in future researches: (a) There is a need of on-road testing in real ambient conditions, (b) Effects of exhaust emission fuelled with nanocatalysts on human breathing, (c) Overall effects on diesel engines of agricultural tractors and other heavy earth moving machines which are designed for high load factors, and (d) Effects of such modified fuels on driving habits of consumers.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90077_1815061311145631922c884a4ea2ac61.pdf
2019-06-01
104
110
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.06
Compression Ignition Engine Fuels
Emission Characteristics
Nanoparticles
performance
A.
Kumar Singh
kumarakshay938@gmail.com
1
Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.
Patle
reetapatle2011@gmail.com
2
Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
AUTHOR
M.
Das
3
Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
AUTHOR
R.
Sanodiya
4
Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
AUTHOR
N. M.
Stanley
5
Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
AUTHOR
P.
Malkhani
6
Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa campus, New Delhi, India
AUTHOR
Aalam, C. S, and C. G. Saravanan. 2017. Effects of nano metal oxide blended Mahua biodiesel on CRDI diesel engine. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 8(4): 689-696.
1
Abu-Zaid, M. 2004. Performance of single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine using water fuel emulsions. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(5): 697-705.
2
Alptekin, E, and M. Çanakçı. 2008. Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends. Renewable Energy, 33(12): 2623-2630.
3
Ambrozik, A, and Z. Chlopek. 2001. The catalytic limitation of PM formation in engines. The 6th International Congress of the Engine Construction, Rybacie, Ukrania.
4
Basha, J. S, and R. B. Anand. 2013. The influence of nano additives blended biodiesel fuels on the working characteristics of a diesel engine. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 35(3): 257-264.
5
Basha, J. S, and R. B. Anand. 2014. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon nanotubes blended jatropha methyl ester emulsion. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 53(2): 259-273.
6
Berger, P., Adelman, N. B., Beckman, K. J., Campbell, D. J., Ellis, A. B, and G. C. Lisensky. 1999. Preparation and properties of an aqueous ferrofluid. Journal of Chemical Education, 76(7): 943-948.
7
Chaichan, M. T., Kadhum, A. H, and A. Al-Amierya. 2017. Novel technique for enhancement of diesel fuel: Impact of aqueous alumina nano-fluid on engine's performance and emissions. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 10: 611-620.
8
Choi, S. H, and O. H. Younhtaig. 2006. The emission effects by the use of biodiesel fuel. International Journal of Modern Physics, 20(25n27): 4481–4486.
9
Clothier, P. Q. E., B. D. Aguda, A. Moise, and H. O. Pritchard. (1993). How do diesel-fuel ignition improvers work? Chemical Society Reviews, 22(2): 101-108.
10
De Menezes, E. W., R. Da Silva, R. Cataluña, and R. J. C. Ortega. (2006). Effect of ethers and ether/ethanol additives on the physicochemical properties of diesel fuel and on engine tests. Fuel, 85(5–6): 815–822.
11
Enweremadu, C. C., Rutto, H. L, and J. T. Oladeji. 2011. Investigation of the relationship between some basic flow properties of shea butter biodiesel and their blends with diesel fuel. International Journal of Physics and Sciences, 6(4):758-767.
12
Fahd, A. M., Wenming, Y., Lee P. S., Chou, S. K, and C. R. Yap. 2013. Experimental investigation of the performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine by water emulsion diesel under varying engine load condition. Applied Energy, 102(C): 1042-1049.
13
Grégoire-Padró, C. E, and F. Lau. 2000. Advances in Hydrogen Energy. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
14
Gülüm, M, and A. Bilgin. 2015. Density, flash point and heating value variations of corn oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends. Fuel Processing Technologies, 134: 456-464.
15
Gürü, M., U. Karakaya, D. Altıparmak., A. Alıcılar. (2002). Improvement of Diesel fuel properties by using additives. Energy Conversion and Management, 43(8): 1021-1025.
16
Hasheminejad, M., Tabatabaei, M., Mansourpanah, Y, and A. Javani. 2011. Upstream and downstream strategies to economize biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(2): 461-468.
17
Hill, F. J. and C. G. Schleyerback. (1977). Diesel fuel properties and engine performance, SAE paper 770316. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
18
Ichikawa, S. 1997. Photoelectrocatalytic production of hydrogen from natural seawater under sunlight. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 22(7): 675-678.
19
Kao, M., Ting, C., Lin, B, and T. Tsung. 2008. Aqueous aluminum nanofluid combustion in diesel fuel. Journal of Testing and Evaluation. 36(2): 186-190.
20
Kean, A. J., Sawyer, R. F., Robert, A, and R. A. Harley. 2000. A fuel-based assessment of off-road diesel engine emissions. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 50(11): 1929-1939.
21
Keskin, A., Gürü, M, and D. Altıparmak. 2008. Influence of tall oil biodiesel with Mg and Mo based fuel additives on diesel engine performance and emission. Bioresource Technology, 99(14): 6434-6438.
22
Lenin, M. A., Swaminathan, M. R, and G. Kumaresan. 2013. Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine with a nanofuel additive. Fuel, 109: 362-365.
23
Li, C. H. 2011. Experimental study of nano-additives for biofuel combustion improvement. in: Proceedings of the ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition, IMECE2011, Denver, Colorado, USA.
24
Matthew, C., Schmitt, R. (2015). Diesel-powered Passenger Cars and Light Trucks: Fact Sheet. Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS).
25
Mehta, R. N., Chakraborty, M, and P. A. Parikh. 2014. Nanofuels: combustion, engine performance and emissions. Fuel, 120: 91-97.
26
Mirzajanzadeh, M., Tabatabaei, M., Ardjmand, M., Rashidi, A., Ghobadian, B., Barkhi, M, and M. Pazouki. 2015. A novel soluble nano-catalysts in diesel–biodiesel fuel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel, 139: 374-382.
27
Özgür, C, and E. Tosun. 2017. Prediction of density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel by artificial neural networks. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 39(10): 985-991.
28
P.McCarthy, P., Rasul, M. G, and S. Moazzem. 2011. Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine fuelled with petroleum diesel and different bio-diesels. Fuel, 90(6): 2147-2157.
29
Prabu, A. 2017. Nanoparticles as additive in biodiesel on the working characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9(4): 2343-2349.
30
Sarvestany, N. S., Farzad, A., Bajestan, E. E, and M. Mir. 2014. Effects of magnetic nanofluid fuel combustion on the performance and emission characteristics. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 35(12): 1745-1750.
31
Shaffi, T, and R. Velraj. 2015. Influence of alumina nanoparticles, ethanol and isopropanol blend as additive with diesel-soybean biodiesel blend fuel: Combustion, engine performance and emissions. Renewable Energy, 80(C): 655-663.
32
Tesfa, B., Mishra, R., Gua, F, and N. Powles. 2010. Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines. Renewable Energy, 35(12): 2752-2760.
33
Tewari, P., Doijode, E., Banapurmath, N. R, and V. S. Yaliwal. 2013. Experimental investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes blended biodiesel fuels. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3): 72-76.
34
Tock, R.W., Hernandez, A., Sanders, J. K, and D. J. Yang. 2013. Catalyst component for aviation and jet fuels. United States Patent, US 8,545,577.
35
Xue, J., Grift, T. E, and A. C. Hansen. 2011. Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15(2): 1098-1116.
36
Yang, W. M., An. H., Chou, K. J., Mohan, B., Sivasankarlingam, V., Raman, V., Maghboli, A, and J. Li. 2013. Impact of emulsion fuel with nano-organic additives on the performance of diesel engine. Applied Energy, 112: 1206-1212.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Performance of a Double Slope Solar Water Distillation: A Case Study of Aiba Stream in Iwo
Solar distiller was constructed and tested in this study. The purpose is to get a portable water from nearly any source available in a relatively cheaper means using a renewable solar energy. The result obtained clearly confirmed the reliability of this method to provide portable water especially in a rural area of developing country like Nigeria where the supply of fresh water is inadequate. A local dirty stream that is constantly throughout the year served as the source of the brackish water was used for this work. Sample taken from this stream was distilled using the constructed double slope solar distiller. The incoming solar radiation from the sun is focused and concentrated on to solar water distillation unit. Analyzing the sample of the distillate, the pH value of the brackish feed water was 9.20 ±1.10 while that of the distillate was 8.10 ±1.06, which falls within the WHO limits of 6.5-8.5 for drinkable water.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90078_da7dfb5b72407148a989d8d5e548fb76.pdf
2019-06-01
111
114
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.07
Brackish Water
Distiller
Portable Water
Renewable Energy
Solar energy
J.
Oyewole
joeademola@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics and Solar Energy, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
A. A.
Olanrewaju
2
Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Dwivedi, V.K. and Tiwari, G.N., 2010. Experimental validation of thermal model of a double slope active solar still under natural circulation mode. Desalination, 250(1): 49-55.
1
Murugavel, K.K. and Srithar, K., 2011. Performance study on basin type double slope solar still with different wick materials and minimum mass of water. Renewable Energy, 36(2):612-620.
2
Rajaseenivasan, T. and Murugavel, K.K., 2013. Theoretical and experimental investigation on double basin double slope solar still. Desalination, 319: 25-32.
3
Oyewole, J.A., 2018. Design and Development of Solar Crop Dryer Integrated with Oil Bath. Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment; previously called: Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 9(4): 277-283.
4
Sampathkumar, K., Arjunan, T.V., Pitchandi, P. and Senthilkumar, P., 2010. Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 14(6): 1503-1526.
5
Reali, M. and Modica, G., 2008. Solar stills made with tubes for sea water desalting. Desalination, 220(1-3): 626-632.
6
Tarawneh, M.S.K., 2007. Effect of water depth on the performance evaluation of solar still. Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1(1): 23 - 29.
7
Medugu, D.W. and Ndatuwong, L.G., 2009. Theoretical analysis of water distillation using solar still. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 4(11): 705-712.
8
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Passive Cooling in Shavadoon of Traditional Buildings of Dezful City: Cooling Through Renewable Energy Sources
Dezful city, located in southwest of Iran, has a hot and semi-humid climate. In the past, architectures used design solutions to provide the cold of living space. Shavadoon is one of the most important design for reaching this goal. Shavadoon is an underground space in traditional buildings of Dezful city designed with a trend of respect and protection of natural environment. Shavadoon, linked with its peripheral environment, provided an appropriate space for sheltering residents in summers hot weather without a need of energy of fossil fuels. Exploring the causes of thermal comfort in this underground space with no need to non-renewable energies was the aim of this article. In this article passive cooling of shavadoon was reviewed in a descriptive and analytic procedure. Results indicated that the architectural design of shavadoon is such that cool down the shavadoon through three types of cooling including the ground cooling, cooling through ventilation and evaporative cooling.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90079_fa5f20aa6549785f254d5dbadb9c5eb0.pdf
2019-06-01
115
120
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.08
Evaporative Cooling
Ground Cooling
Passive cooling
Renewable Energy
Ventilation
F.
Mohammad Alinezhad
fa.ma.nezhad@gmail.com
1
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bina, M, 2008. A Climatological Investigation of Shavadoon. Honar- Ha- Ye- Ziba, 33, 37–46 (In Persian).
1
Dehghan, N and R, Vakili-Nejad, 2016. Investigating the Effective Factors in the Formation of Iranian Underground Architectures. In the proceeding of the 2016 National Conference of Native Architecture & Urbanism of Iran, 1-11.
2
Ghobadian, V and M. Faiz-Mahdavi, 2008. Climatic Design: Energy- Efficient Building Principles and Practices. University of Tehran Press.
3
Ghobadian, V, 2008, Climatic Analysis of Traditional Iranian Buildings, University of Tehran Press.
4
Hazbei, M., O. Nematollahi., M. Behnia and Z. Adib, 2015. Reduction of Energy Consumption n Using Passive Architecture in Hot and Humid Climates. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 47, 16–27.
5
Hazbei, M., Z. Adib and F. Nasrollahi, 2014. Natural Ventilation Effect on Shavadoons in Dezful by Applying CFD Modeling, Bagh-e-Nazar. Iranian Scientific Journal of NAZAR Research Center for Art, Architecture & Urbanism, 11(30), 43-54.
6
Khakpour, B., K. Kazemi Khabiri and S.A. Hossainpour, 2013. Investigating the soil and land capabilities of indigenous Iranian sustainable architecture with emphasis on energy management and urban environmental protection. In the proceeding of the 2013 National Sustainable Architecture and Urban Development Conference, 1-6.
7
Madani H and S, Shafiei, 1997. General Geology. Amirkabir University of Technology Press.
8
Masoudi-nejad, M., M. Tahbaz and S.S. Mofidishemirani, 2018. The Study of Thermal Performance of Shavadoons, Case Study: the Sozangar House in Dezful. Iranian Journal of Iranian architecture studies, 1(13), 49-70.
9
Mohammadshahi, Sh., M. Nili-Ahmadabadi and O. Nematollahi, 2016. Improvement of Ventilation and Heat Transfer in Shavadoon via Numerical Simulation: A Traditional HVAC System. Renewable Energy, 96, 295–304.
10
Moradi, H. and H. Eskandari, 2012. An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Shovadan Heating and Cooling Operation. Renewable Energy, 48, 364–368.
11
Noroozian, N, 2016. Localization Pattern for Assessment of Energy Efficiency in Buildings in Tehran, Naqsh-e-Jahan. Basic Studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning, 6(3), 63-74.
12
Pourahmadi, M, 2013. The Examination of Sustainable Patterns in the Architecture of Mehriz Traditional Houses. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 3(3), 55-64.
13
Prieto, A., U. Knaack, T. klein, T. Auer, 2017, 25 Year of cooling research in office buildings: Review for the intergration of cooling strategies into the building façade (1990-2014), Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 89-102.
14
Samsam-Khayani, H., M. Tavakoli., S. Mohammadshahi and M. Nili-Ahmadabadi, 2018. Numerical Study of Effects of Shavadoon Connections (a Vernacular Architectural Pattern) on Improvement of Natural Ventilation. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 82, 170–181.
15
Shafiei-Ardestani, L., and S.M. Mofidi-Shemirani, 2009. Geographical Factors and Static Cooling in Residential Complex. Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 18(71), 38-46.
16
Soltandust, M.R. 2012. Climate, Architecture and Ventilation. Yazda Press.
17
Taban, M., M.R. Pourjafar., M.R. Bemanian and S, Heidari, 2014. Determining Optimal Courtyard Pattern in Dezful Traditional Houses by Relying on Shadow Analysis, Bagh-e Nazar. Iranian Scientific Journal of NAZAR research center (Nrc) for Art, Architecture & Urbanism, 10(27), 37-46.
18
Tousi, R, 2015. Evaluation of Static Heating and Cooling Systems in Order to Complete the Basic Concepts of Climatic Integration in a Static Approach to Temperate and Humid Climate of the Caspian Sea. In the proceeding of the 2015 Energy and Environment Conference, 1-8.
19
Vakilinezhad, R., F. Mehdizadeh Seradj and S.M. MofidiShemirani, 2013. Principles of Passive Cooling Systems in Vernacular Architectural Elements of Iran. Journal of Iranian Association of Architecture & Urbanism, 4(5), 147-159.
20
Zamani-Aghaie, L and N. Bareshadat, 2012. Architecture looking at the Land, Shavadoon is an Ancient Heritage in the Southern Architecture. In the proceeding of the 2012 National Conference of Cultural Industries and their Role in Sustainable Development, 1-7.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Investigation of Biogas Production from Cow Dung in an Anaerobic Batch Digester at Mesophilic Conditions
This paper presents the experimental investigation of biogas production from cow dung as an alternative for fossil fuels for energy consumption. This was carried out using an 18 Liters capacity plastic keg prototype biogas plant, constructed to investigate the anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas. Batch experiment was operated and daily gas yield from the plant was monitored for duration of 30 days. The digester was charged with these wastes in the ratio of 1:1, of waste to water, respectively. The mesophilic temperature ranges attained within the testing period were 20 – 35 °C. The Biogas production from cow dung fluctuates from the first day to the thirtieth day between 0 and 340 ml. The pH of cow dung gradually reduced due to acid former and methanogenes within the 30 days retention period.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90080_44561559962df4fde16de940ed696391.pdf
2019-06-01
121
125
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.09
anaerobic digestion
Biogas production
Cow dung
mesophilic
M.
Benali
moutaz.benali@omu.edu.ly
1
Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, El-Beida, Libya
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Lee, K., Chantrasakdakul, P., Kim, D., Kim, H.S., and Park, K.Y., 2013. Evaluation of Methane Production and Biomass Degradation in Anaerobic Co-digestion of Organic Residuals. International Journal of Biological, Ecological and Environmental Sciences (IJBEES), 2(3): 2277-4394.
1
2. Benali, M., Hamad, T., Hamad, Y., and Belkhair, A., 2019. The Hydrogen Energy Potential of Solid Waste: A Case Study of Misrata City. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 9, 45-53.
2
3. Benali, M. , Hamad, T. , Belkhair, A., and Hamad, Y. (2019) Investigating the Use of Combined Hydrogen, Heat and Power System for Omar AL-Mukhtar University Campus. Advances in Biological Chemistry, 9: 31-44.
3
4. Hamad, T.A., Agll, A.A., Hamad, Y.M., Bapat, S., Thomas, M., Martin, K.B., and Sheffield, J.W., 2013. Study of a molten carbonate fuel cell combined heat, hydrogen and power system: end-use application. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 1(1): 45-50.
4
5. Roediger, H., 1967. Die anaerobe alkalische Schlammfaulung. Schriftenreihe GWF Wasser, Abwasser, H. 1, 3rd Edition, Oldenbourg, München.
5
6. Odlare, M., Arthurson, V., Pell, M., Svensson, K., Nehrenheim, E., and Abubaker, J., 2011. Land application of organic waste–effects on the soil ecosystem. Applied Energy, 88(6): 2210-2218.
6
7. Cuellar, A.D. and Webber, M.E., 2008. Cow power: the energy and emissions benefits of converting manure to biogas. Environmental Research Letters, 3(3): 1-14.
7
8. Ahn, H.K., Smith, M.C., Kondrad, S.L. and White, J.W., 2010. Evaluation of biogas production potential by dry anaerobic digestion of switchgrass–animal manure mixtures. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 160(4): 965-975.
8
9. Guo L.G., 2010. Potential of biogas production from livestock manure in China - GHG emission abatement from manure-biogas-digestate system. Master’s Thesis within the Industrial Ecology programme, Chalmers University Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
9
10. Abubakar, B.S.U.I. and Ismail, N., 2012. Anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production. ARPN journal of engineering and applied sciences, 7(2): 169-172.
10
11. Nasir, I.M., Ghazi, T.I.M. and Omar, R., 2012. Anaerobic digestion technology in livestock manure treatment for biogas production: a review. Engineering in Life Sciences, 12(3): 258-269.
11
12. Moller, H.B., 2013. Final Report: Biogas Potentials in Manure and Effects of Pre-Treatment, Project No. 2009-1-010294, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark.
12
13. Soufi, T. and Saleh, S.R., 2015. Assessing the Potential of Biomass Resources for Extraction of Biogas from Livestock Manure and Agricultural Waste. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 4(1): 357-361.
13
14. Recebli, Z., Selimli, S., Ozkaymak, M. and Gonc, O., 2015. Biogas production from animal manure. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 10(6): 722-729.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Anomaly Detection in Smart Homes Using Deep Learning
Smart homes enable many people, especially the elderly and patients, to live alone and maintain their independence and comfort. The realization of this goal depends on monitoring all activities in the house to report any observed anomaly immediately to their relatives or nurses. Anomaly detection in smart homes, just by existing data, is not an easy task. In this work, we train a recurrent network with raw outputs of binary sensors, including motion and door sensors, to predict which sensor will be switched on/off in the next event, and how long this on/off mode will last. Then, using Beam Search, we extend this event into k sequences of consecutive events to determine the possible range of upcoming activities. The error of this prediction i.e., the distance between these possible sequences and the real string of events is evaluated using several innovative methods for measuring the spatio-temporal similarity of the sequences. Modeling this error as a Gaussian distribution allows to assess the likelihood of anomaly scores. The input sequences that are ranked higher than a certain threshold will be considered as abnormal activities. The results of the experiments showed that this method enables the detection of abnormal activities with desirable accuracy.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90081_f67fa283fdc615acbe173f5737ac8edf.pdf
2019-06-01
126
135
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.10
Anomaly Detection
Beam Search
Deep Learning
Long Short Term Memory
Smart Homes
M.
Moallem
moallem@shahroodut.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
H.
Hassanpour
h.hassanpour@shahroodut.ac.ir
2
Faculty of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
A. A.
Pouyan
ali.pouyan@shahroodut.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Withanage, C., R. Ashok, C. Yuen, and K. Otto, 2014. A comparison of the popular home automation technologies, In 2014 IEEE Innov. Smart Grid Technol. - Asia (ISGT ASIA), pp: 600–605.
1
Zhou, B., W. Li, K.W. Chan, Y. Cao, Y. Kuang, X. Liu and X. Wang, 2016. Smart home energy management systems: Concept, configurations, and scheduling strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 61: 30–40.
2
Majumder, S., E. Aghayi, M. Noferesti, H. Memarzadeh-Tehran, T. Mondal, Z. Pang and M.J. Deen, 2017. Smart Homes for Elderly Healthcare-Recent Advances and Research Challenges.
3
Dahmen, J., B.L. Thomas, D.J. Cook and X. Wang, 2017. Activity learning as a foundation for security monitoring in smart homes. Sensors (Switzerland), 17(4): 1–17.
4
Eisa, S. and A. Moreira, 2017. A behaviour monitoring system (BMS) for ambient assisted living. Sensors (Switzerland), 17(9):.
5
Chandola, V., A. Banerjee, and V. Kumar, 2009. Anomaly detection. ACM Computing Surveys, 41(3): 1–58.
6
Hayes, M.A. and M.A.M. Capretz, 2014. Contextual anomaly detection in big sensor data. Proceedings - 2014 IEEE International Congress on Big Data, BigData Congress 2014, 64–71.
7
Han, J., M. Kamber, and J. Pei, 2011. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. 3rd ed. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
8
Grubbs, F.E., 1969. Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples. Technometrics, 11(1): 1–21.
9
Enderlein, G., 1987. Hawkins, D. M.: Identification of Outliers. Chapman and Hall, London – New York 1980, 188 S., £ 14, 50. Biometrical Journal, 29(2): 198.
10
Ma, J. and S. Perkins, 2003. Time-series novelty detection using one-class support vector machines, In Proc. Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Networks, 2003., IEEE, pp: 1741–1745.
11
Tavares Ferreira, E.W., G. Arantes Carrijo, R. de Oliveira and N. Virgilio de Souza Araujo, 2011. Intrusion Detection System with Wavelet and Neural Artifical Network Approach for Networks Computers. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 9(5): 832–837.
12
Depren, O., M. Topallar, E. Anarim, and M.K. Ciliz, 2005. An intelligent intrusion detection system (IDS) for anomaly and misuse detection in computer networks.
13
Pimentel, M.A.F., D.A. Clifton, L. Clifton, and L. Tarassenko, 2014. A review of novelty detection. Signal Processing, 99: 215–249.
14
Ordonez, F.J., P. de Toledo and A. Sanchis, 2015. Sensor-based Bayesian detection of anomalous living patterns in a home setting. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 19(2): 259–270.
15
Hela, S., B. Amel, and R. Badran, 2018. Early anomaly detection in smart home: A causal association rule-based approach. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, (November 2017):
16
Monekosso, D.N. and P. Remagnino, 2010. Behavior analysis for assisted living. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 7(4): 879–886.
17
Forkan, A.R.M., I. Khalil, Z. Tari, S. Foufou and A. Bouras, 2015. A context-aware approach for long-term behavioural change detection and abnormality prediction in ambient assisted living. Pattern Recognition, 48(3): 628–641.
18
Yuan, B. and J. Herbert, 2014. Context-aware Hybrid Reasoning Framework for Pervasive Healthcare. Personal Ubiquitous Comput., 18(4): 865–881.
19
Novak, M., M. Binas and F. Jakab, 2012. Unobtrusive anomaly detection in presence of elderly in a smart-home environment. Proceedings of 9th International Conference, ELEKTRO 2012, (June 2016): 341–344.
20
Moshtaghi, M., I. Zukerman, and R. Andrew Russell, 2015. Statistical models for unobtrusively detecting abnormal periods of inactivity in older adults.
21
Paudel, R., W. Eberle, and L.B. Holder, 2018. Anomaly Detection of Elderly Patient Activities in Smart Homes using a Graph-Based Anomaly Detection of Elderly Patient Activities in Smart Homes using a Graph-Based Approach. (July):
22
Jakkula, V. and D.J. Cook, 2011. Detecting Anomalous Sensor Events in Smart Home Data for Enhancing the Living Experience. AAAI Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Smarter Living The Conquest of Complexity, (June 2015): 33–37.
23
Lipton, Z.C., J. Berkowitz and C. Elkan, 2015. A Critical Review of Recurrent Neural Networks for Sequence Learning. 1–38.
24
Hochreiter, S. and J. Urgen Schmidhuber, 1997. Long Short-Term Memory. Neural Computation, 9(8): 1735–1780.
25
Gers, F.A. and J. Schmidhuber, 2000. Recurrent nets that time and count, In Proc. IEEE-INNS-ENNS Int. Jt. Conf. Neural Networks. IJCNN 2000. Neural Comput. New Challenges Perspect. New Millenn., IEEE, pp: 189–194 vol.3.
26
Cho, K., B. van Merriënboer, C. Gulcehre, F. Bougares, H. Schwenk and Y. Bengio, 2014. Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation.
27
Chung, J., C. Gulcehre, K. Cho and Y. Bengio, 2014. Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling, In NIPS 2014 Work. Deep Learn. December 2014,
28
Caruana, R., 1997. Multitask Learning. Machine Learning, 28(1): 41–75.
29
Collobert, R., R. Collobert and J. Weston, 2008. A unified architecture for natural language processing: Deep neural networks with multitask learning. 160--167.
30
Kline, D., 2004. Methods for Multi-Step Time Series Forecasting with Neural Networks.
31
Reddy, D.R.( D. of C.S., 1977. Speech Understanding Systems: A Summary of Results of the Five-Year Research Effort at CMU.
32
Freitag, M., and Y. Al-Onaizan, 2017. Beam Search Strategies for Neural Machine Translation.
33
Park, K., Y. Lin, V. Metsis, Z. Le and F. Makedon, 2010. Abnormal human behavioral pattern detection in assisted living environments. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments - PETRA ’10.
34
Malhotra, P., L. Vig, G. Shroff, and P. Agarwal, Long Short Term Memory Networks for Anomaly Detection in Time Series.
35
Cook, D., 2010. Learning Setting-Generalized Activity Models for Smart Spaces.
36
Ye, J., G. Stevenson and S. Dobson, 2016. Detecting abnormal events on binary sensors in smart home environments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 33: 32–49.
37
Shin, J.H., B. Lee and K.S. Park, 2011. Detection of abnormal living patterns for elderly living alone using support vector data description. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine : A Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 15(3): 438–448.
38
Fawcett, T., 2006. An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition Letters, 27(8): 861–874.
39
Goldstein, M., M. Goldstein, and S. Uchida, 2016. A Comparative Evaluation of Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Multivariate Data. PLoS ONE, (April): 1–31.
40
Emmott, A., S. Das, T. Dietterich, A. Fern and W.-K. Wong, 2015. A Meta-Analysis of the Anomaly Detection Problem.
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Extraction, Characterization and Identification of Major Chemical Components of Areca Nut Extract at its Different Stages
The medicinal properties shown by different plants are due to phytochemicals present in the plant. These phytochemicals are the most vital source for the treatment of various diseases. Different phytochemicals have an extensive range of activities, which help to enhance the immune system and give resistance to the body to protect against attack of harmful pathogens. It is well accepted fact that even areca plant seed is also a good source of phytochemicals and hence planned to examine the phytochemicals present in its different stages, that is, tender areca nut (TACN), mature areca nut (MACN) and dry areca nut (DACN). All the three stages of areca nut extract were examined for tannin, phenols, flavonoids, alcohols, acids, amines and nitro groups. They showed positive results for all the tests. Trace elements such as Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb are present in small amount when compared to Na and K, and are identified by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups such as –OH. –NH, -CH, >C=O, >C=C<, >C-O-C and –NO groups in the areca nut extract. Extracts were investigated through GC-MS for identification of the chemical composition of extract, on comparison with results obtained from FTIR, and molecular mass nine, fourteen and five compounds were identified in TACN, MACN and DACN extracts, respectively.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90082_d20b0c0280b90f0cdc14dc44e63c028c.pdf
2019-06-01
136
146
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.11
Areca Nut
anti-bacterial
Anti-oxidant
Crystalline Compounds
phytochemicals
K.
sumalatha
sumarohi96@gmail.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, India
AUTHOR
J.
Ishwara Bhat
bhatij08@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Craig R Elevitch, 2006; “Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environmentand USA” Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR) publisher, USA; pp - 69-84.
1
Preetee Jaiswal, Pradeep Kumar, V.K.Singh and D.K. Singh, 2011; “Areca catechu L. A Valuable Herbal Medicine Against Different Health Problems” Research Journal of Medicinal Plant; 5(2); 145-152.
2
Bhandare A, Kshirsagar A, Vyawahare N, Hadambar A, Thorve S. 2010; Potential analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Areca catechu L. nut. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(12):3412-3417.
3
Anthikat RRN, Michael A, Vageesh S, Balamurugan R, Ignacimuthu S. 2014 “The effect of Areca catechu L. extract on streptozotocin induced hyperglycemia in Wistar rats”. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Science; 5(4):316 – 21.
4
Park YB, Jeon SM, Byun SJ, Kim HS, Choi MS. 2002; “Absorption of intestinal free cholesterol is lowered by supplementation of Areca catechu L. extract in rats”. Life Sciences, 70(16):1849-59.
5
Jiang JH, Jung SY, Kim YC, Shin SR, Yu ST, Park H. 2009;”Antimalarial effects of Areca catechu L”. Korean J. Oriental Physiology and Pathology; 23(2): 494-8.
6
Lee KK, Choi JD. 1999; “ The effects of Areca catechu L extract on anti-aging”. International J Cosmetic Science.;21(4), 285-95.
7
Joshi M, Gaonkar K,Mangoankar S, Satarkar S. 2012; “Pharmacological investigation of Areca catechu extract forevaluation of learning, memory and behaviour in rats”. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal;1(6):128-132.
8
Bhandare A, Kshirsagar A, Vyawahare N, Sharma P, Mohite R, 2011; “Evaluation of anti-migraine potential of Areca catechu to prevent nitroglycerin-induced delayed inflammation in rat meninges: possible involvement of NOS inhibition”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology; 136(1):267-70.
9
Inokuchi J, Okabe H, Yamauchi T, Nagamatsu A,Nonaka G, et al. 1986; “Antihypertensive substance in seeds of Areca catechu L”. Life Sciences; 38(15): 1375-82.
10
Dar A, Khatoon S, Rahman G, Rahman AU. 1997; “Anti-depressant activities of Areca catechu fruit extract”. Phytomedicine; 4(1):41-5.
11
Lee JH, Chang SH, Park YS, Hes E, Lee HY, et al. 2004; “In-vitro and in-vivo anti-allergic actions of Areca semen”. J Pharmacy and Pharmacology;56(7):927-33.
12
KeshavaBhat S, Mythri S, Ashwin D. 2016; “Anthelmintic property of areca nut (Areca catechu L.): A review”. Indian Journal of Areca nut Spices and Medicinal Plants; 18(2), 20-7.
13
Sazwi NN, Nalina T, Abdul Rahim ZH. 2013; “Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Piper betle, Areca catechu, Uncarria gambir and betel quid with and without calcium hydroxide”. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; 13:351.
14
Keshava Bhat Sarpangala, Mythri Sarpangala, Ashwini Devasya, 2017; “Antimicrobial Properties of Areca nut, Areca catechu L; A Review” International. Journal of .Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy; 8(3); 8-12.
15
Kumari HL, Sirsi M, Bhargava MK. 1974; “Inhibitory activity of Areca catechu on the development of mouse skin tumours induced by the chemical carcinogen 3.4, benzpyrene”. J Plantation Crop; 2(1):23-9.
16
M. Turoti; E. Bello ; 2013; “World Rural Obs.”, 5; 64
17
Petra Marschner, 2012; “Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants” Academic Press; California; 3rd edition; pp- 135-250.
18
Michael.I.Goran; Luc Tappy; Kim-Ann Le; 2014; “Dietary Sugars and Health”, CRC Press, Newyork; pp- 62.
19
John Griffith Vaughan; 2003; “The Oxford Book of Health Food : A Comprehensive Guide to Natural Remedies”, Oxford University Press, Newyork; pp-61.
20
Marion Eugene Ensmiger; Audrey H. Ensminger, 1993;“Food and Nutrition Encyclopedia” CRC Press Newyork; 2nd edition volume 1; pp- 719.
21
Mark Crocker, 2010; “Thermochemical Conservation of Biomass of Liquid Fuels and Chemicals”, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge; pp-347-348.
22
L. Segal.J; J. Creely; A.E. Martin; Jr.C. M. Conrad; 1959; “An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-ray Diffractometer” Textile Research Journal; 29(10); 789-794.
23
Tomy. J. Gutierrez; 2018; “Polymer for Food Applications” Springer, Switzerland; pp- 538.
24
Fem D.S. Marquis; 2017; “Proceedings of the 8th Pacific Rim International Conference on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-8)- The Minerals, Metals and Materials series” Springer, Switzerland; pp- 3243.
25
Cury Suryanarayana; 2004; “Mechanical Alloying and Milling” CRC Press, Newyork; pp- 110-113.
26
Dewan S.K, 2010; “Organic Spectroscopy: (NMR, IR, Mass and UV)” CBS Publisher and Distributor Pvt. Ltd; first edition; pp- 400-463.
27
Deepa Santhanakrishnan; Supriya N. Shankar; Bangaru Chandrasekaran, 2014; “ Studies on Photochemistry, Spectroscopic Characterization and Anti-bacterial Efficacy of Salicornia brachiata” International journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 6(6); 430-432.
28
Galen W. Ewing; 1985; “Instrumental Method of Chemical Analysis”, Mc Graw- Hill Book Co, Singapore; pp- 367-369.
29
Donald T Sawyer; William R. Heinman; Janice M. Beebe; 1984; “Chemistry Equipment’s for Instrumental Methods” John Wiley and Sons, Newyork; pp- 327.
30
Dr. Supriya S. Mahajan; 2010; “Instrumental Method of Analysis”, Prakashan Private Limited, Mumbai; pp- 235-240.
31
Robert B Raffa, 2014; “Kartom and Mitragynines; The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Opioids from Non-Opinum Source” CRC press New york; pp- 197.
32
Ojochenemi. E Yakubu, Olawale otitoju and Joshua onwuka, 2017; “ Gass chromatography- Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis of Aqueous Extract of Daniellia Oliveri Stem Bark” Pharmaceutical Analytical Acta; 8(11).
33
Sirigiri chandrakala and Kandru Ammani, 2017; “GC-MS analysis of Biologically active compounds in Canthium parviflorum Lam. Leaf and callus extract” Internatinal jornal of Chem Tech research; 10(6); pp- 1038-1058.
34
Sanjay K Sharma; 2011; “ Green Corrosion Chemistry and Engineering Opportunities and Challenges” John Willey and sons, Germany; pp-96.
35
Lawrence A Schachner, Ronald C Hansen, 2011; “ Pediatric Dermatology E-book” 4th edition; Elsevier Health Science publication, New york; pp-177.
36
David S.Seigler, 1998; “Plant secondary Metabolism” Springer Science and Business Media, New york; pp- 617-621.
37
Mohamad Jawad Kadham; Ghaidaa Jihadi Mohamed and Imad Hadi Hameed, 2016; “Invitro Antibacterial, Antifungal and Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic extract of fruit Cassia fistula” Oriental Journal of chemistry; 32(13); pp- 1329-1346.
38
Eula Bingham, Barbara Cohrssen; 2012; “Patty’s Toxicology” John Wiley and sons, New Jersey; Volume 6; pp-584.
39
Chukwunonye M; Ojinnaka kelechi I and Marycolatte N Ezediokpu; 2015; “The Chemical Constituents and Bioactivity of seed (Fruit) Extract of Buchholzia Coriacea Engler (capparaceae)” Journal of applied science and Environment; 19(4); pp- 795-801.
40
Mustaph N.Abubakar and Runner R.T.Majinda; 2016 “GC-MS Analysis and Preliminary Antimicrobial Activity of Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) and Peterocarpus angolensis (DC)” Journal of Medicine 3 (3).
41
Victor R Preedy; Ronald Ross Watson, 2014; “The Mediterranean Diet: An Evidence- Based Approach” Academic Press, London; pp-281-289.
42
Egui zhu; Sabo Sambath, 2012; “Information Technology and Agricultural Engineering Volume 134 of Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing” Springer Science and Business Media, New york; pp-650.
43
Oskars Purmalis; Dmitrijs Porsnovs; Maris Klavins, 2011; “Differential Thermal analysis of Peat and Peat Humic Acids” Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University Materials Science and Applied Chemistry; Volume 24; pp- 89-94.
44
Ashok Pandey, 2008; “Hand book of Plant- Based Biofuels” CRC Press, Boca Raton; pp-122.
45
A.V. Bridgwater, 2013; “Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion” Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht; pp- 774.
46
Darrel.D.Nicholas, 1982; “Wood Deterioration and its prevention by Preservative Treatments: Degradation and Protection of Woods” Syracuse university Press, New york; pp- 310.
47
Jitendra K. Pandey; Hitoshi Takagi; Antanio Nario Nakagaito; Hyun-Joong Kim, 2014; “Hand Book of Polymer Nano composites, Processing, Performance and Applications: Volume C: Polymer Nano composites of Cellulose Nano particles”, Springer, Newyork; pp-74-77.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vulnerability of Vegetable Crops to the Impact of Climatic variability and the Management Techniques in the Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria
Climatic parameters are part of the main determinants of agricultural production in many developing countries including Nigeria. This study analyzes the vulnerability of vegetable crops to the impact of rainfall and temperature variability and the management techniques in Kwara State agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Data on rainfall, temperature and vegetables (tomato, pepper, okra, amaranthus and garden egg) were collected for a period of twenty-five (25) years from the four agricultural zones of Kwara State. These were subjected to descriptive, correlation and regression analyses. The result revealed that climatic variables examined fluctuate but there has been constant increase in temperature over the years and year 2001 recorded the highest (40.06oC). Vegetable crop yield also fluctuates. Correlation analysis revealed that tomato correlates positively with rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature. Okra and pepper correlate positively with rainfall and maximum temperature and inverse correlation with minimum temperature. Amaranthus has an inverse correlation with rainfall and maximum temperature but correlates positively with minimum temperature although very low. Garden egg correlates with rainfall and inversely correlates with maximum and minimum temperature. Hence, vegetable crops examined are vulnerable to the impact of climatic variables but not too strong as there are other factors such as the nature of soil, specie of seedlings, chemicals among others that contributed to vegetable crop yield. Management techniques suggested to improve the productivity of vegetable crops in Kwara State include the use of modern agricultural techniques such as development of irrigation and water harvesting technologies.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90083_90b0225a6f3561438a3986eab570d500.pdf
2019-06-01
147
153
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.12
Agriculture
climate variables
Kwara State Agricultural Development
Rainfall
variability
Vegetable Crops
A. M.
Tunde
afolabi@unilorin.edu.ng
1
Department of Geography & amp; Environmental Management, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abewoy, D. 2018. Review on Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetable Production and its Management Practices. Advances in Crop Science Technology. 6(1): 330-336.
1
Adeniyi, A. 2017. Impact of climate variability on vegetable crops in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Ruhuna Journal of Science. 8(1): 44-54.
2
Akinbile, C.O and M.S.Yusoff, 2011. Growth, Yield and Water Use Pattern of Chilli Pepper under Different Irrigation Scheduling and Management. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research. 5 (2): 154-163.
3
Asikhia, M.O and M.O Igbafen, 2012. Food Security Implication of Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity. Book of Proceeding of the 2012 Annual Conference of Nigerian Meteorological Society held at the Department Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin City, Edo State, 83-90.
4
Altieri, M.A., C.I. Nicholls, A. Henao, and M.A Lana, 2015. Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35: 869-890.
5
Aondoakaa, S.C. 2012. Effects Of Climate Change On Agricultural Productivity In The Federal Capital Territory (Fct), Abuja, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management (EJESM). 5(4): 559-566.
6
Awotoye, O.O and O.J. Matthew, 2010. Effects of temporal changes in climate variables on crop production in tropical sub-humid South-western Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 4(8): 500-505.
7
Bhardwaj, M. L. 2012. Effect of Climate Change on Vegetable Production in India in Vegetable Production under Changing Climate Scenario eds by Bhardwaj, M.L Shama, H.D, Kumar, M., Kumar, R., Kansal, S, Thakur, K, Singh, S.P, Kumar,D., Kumar, S., Gupta, M and Sharma, V. A. Gardening Guidebook from Centre for Advanced Faculty Training in Horticulture (Vegetables).
8
Central Bank of Nigeria. 2006. Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, Abuja, Nigeria.
9
Cho, R. 2018. Agriculture, Climate. How Climate Change will alter our Food. State of the Planet. Earth Institute, Columbia University. News from the Earth Institute.
10
De Koning, A.N.M. 1990. Long-term temperature integration of tomato growth and development under alternating temperature regimes. Scientia Horticulture Australia Limited, Sydney, Australia.
11
Directorate Plant Production, 2013. Amaranthus Production Guidelines. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Republic of South Africa.
12
Directorate Plant Production, 2010. Okro (Hibiscus esculentus). Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Republic of South Africa.
13
Ernest, E. 2015. Heat Effects on Vegetable and Fruit Crops. Cooperative Extension College of Agriculture & Natural Resources. University of Delaware.
14
Erickson, A. N and A.H. Markhart, 2012. Flower developmental stage and organ sensitivity of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to elevated temperature. Plant Cell and Environment. 25: 123-130.
15
HAIFA Group, 2017. Crop Guide: Growing Tomato. https://www.haifagroup.com/articles/crop-guide-growing
16
Hang, C. 1994. Vegetables for food security and health. In: Ritcher, J., Schnitzler, W.H., Gura, S. (Eds.). Vegetable Production in Periurban Areas in the Tropics and Subtropics –Food, Income and Quality of Life, Proceedings of International Workshop, 14-17 November 1994, Zschortau, Germany, 49-63.
17
Haque, M. N. M.H., AL and S.M. Masum, 2016. Climate Change impacts on Rice Production in Bangladesh. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 1-64.
18
Jayapiratha, V., M. Thushyanthy and S. Sivakumar, 2010. Performance Evaluation of Okra (Abelmoshus esculentus) under Drip Irrigation System. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(3): 139-147.
19
Kondinya, A.V.V., P. Sidhya and M.K. Pandit, 2014. Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Cultivation - A Review. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Biotechnology Citation: IJAEB. 7(1): 145-155.
20
Lovatt, J., G. Gullelove , R. Wright, N. Meurant and J.O. Barnes, 1998. Tomato Information Kit Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
21
La Pena, R.D and J. Hughes, 2000 Improving vegetable productivity in a variable and changing climate. ICRISAT 4: 1-22.
22
Martinez, M. M., M.T. Estan, E.G. Moyano, J.O. Abellan and F.B. Flores, 2010. The effectiveness of grafting to improve salt tolerance in tomato when an ‘excluder’genotype is used as scion. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 63: 392-401.
23
Mary, A.L and A. E. Majule, 2009. Impacts of climate change, variability and adaptation strategies on agriculture in semiarid of Tanzania: The case of Manyoni District in Singida Region, Tanzania. African Journal of Environmental Science Technology. 3(8): 206-218.
24
Masariramb, M.T., Z. Dlamini, A. M. Manyatsi, P.K. Wahome, T.O. Oseni and V.D. Shongwe, 2012. Soil Water Requirements of Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) Grown in a Greenhouse in a Semi-Arid, Sub-Tropical Environment. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental. Science. 12 (7): 932-936.
25
MOFA 2011 .Garden Eggs Production. Horticulture Development Unit (HDU-DCS), MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Republic of Ghana.
26
MOFA 2013. Okra Production. Horticulture Development Unit (HDU-DCS), MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Republic of Ghana.
27
Mohammad, H., M.O. Akhadelor and T.S Isiaka, 2011. A Comparative Assessment of the Response of Quality Protein Maize Varieties to Rainfall and Soil in the Sudan and Guinea Savannah. NMets 2011 Conference Proceedings, 444-454.
28
Ndamani, N. and T. Watannabe, 2015. Influences of Rainfall on Crop Production and Suggestions for Adaptation. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 5(1):367-374.
29
Newton, A.C., S.N Johnson and P.J. Gregory, 2011. Implications of climate change for diseases, crop yields and food security. Euphytica, 179: 3-18.
30
Ogunlesi, M.,W. Okiei, L. Azeez, V. Obakachi, M. Osunsanmi and G. Nkenchor 2010.Vitamin C Contents of Tropical Vegetables and Foods Determined by Voltammetric and Titrimetric Methods and Their Relevance to the Medicinal Uses of the Plants. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, (5):105–115.
31
Peet, M.M., D.H Willits and R. Gardner, 1997. Response of ovule development and post-pollen production processes in male-sterile tomatoes to chronic sub-acute high temperature stress. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48: 101-111.
32
Nalik, P.S., M. Singh and J.K Ranjan, 2017. Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Production and Adaptation Measures. In Minhas, P.,Rane, J., Pasala, R (eds). Abiotic Stress Management for Resilient Agriculture. 413-428.
33
Putland, D and P. Deuter, 2011. The effects of High Temperatures on Vegetable Production and the Rapid Assessment of Climate Risk in Agriculture. In 2011 APEC Workshop on Collaboration on the Promotion of Indigenous Vegetables for Coping with Climate Change and Food Security. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
34
Sawa, B.A and A.A. Adebayo, 2011. Relationship between Dry Spells and Crop Yield in Drought Prone Areas of Northern Nigeria NMets 2011 Conference Proceedings, 502-525.
35
Sirmin, L., E.M Joann, L. I-Min and R.C. Stephen, H.H. Charles, C.W. Walter and E.B, Julie, 2000. Fruit and Vegetable intake and risk of Cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study1, 2. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72(4):922-928.
36
Welbaum, G.E 2015. Vegetable production and practices. CABI.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect on Autogenous Healing in Concrete by Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash
In this research paper, the effect on autogenous healing in concrete by cementitious material such as fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are reported. The utilization of waste byproduct are the interest in research for healing of concrete. The non-destructive testing and microstructure analysis were conducted to quantify autogenous healing in concrete. The concrete specimens prepared with different proportion of FA and RHA. The satisfactory results of non- destructive test were obtained with respect to the durability of concrete. In the chemical and microstructure analysis the calcium carbonate crystals formed on healed cracks surface and dense particle packing in the matrix of concrete were observed. This type of ternary blend is useful for making durable and sustainable concrete structure. The utilization of industrial and agricultural byproduct reduces the effect of environmental pollution and also reduces the consumption of cement with the same reduction in CO2 emition from cement industry.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90084_72467ad9ad945e6b820b125e1d09a8de.pdf
2019-06-01
154
158
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.13
Autogenous Healing
Concrete
Fly ash
Rice Husk Ash
V.
Kanthe
vishukanthe@gmail.com
1
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.
Deo
svdeo.ce@nitrr.ac.in
2
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
AUTHOR
M.
Murmu
mmurmu.ce@nitrr.ac.in
3
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
AUTHOR
1. K. Vijay, M. Murmu, and S. V Deo, “Bacteria based self healing concrete – A review,” Construction and Building Materials., vol. 152, pp. 1008–1014, 2017.
1
2. N. D. B. D. Snoeck, “Repeated Autogenous Healing in Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites by Using Superabsorbent Polymers,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016.
2
3. V. N. Kanthe, S. V Deo, and M. Murmu, “Use of Mineral Admixture in Concrete for Sustainable Development”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineer, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 279–284, 2017.
3
4. G. Shafabakhsh and S. Ahmadi, “Evaluation of Coal Waste Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Properties of Pervious Concrete Pavement,” International Journal of Engineering-Transactions B: Applications,vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 192–201, 2016.
4
5. V. Sai Giridhar Reddy and V. Ranga Rao, “Eco-friendly Blocks by Blended Materials,” International Journal of Engineering-Transactions B: Applications, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 636–642, 2017.
5
6. S. Sharma, T. Gupta, and R. K. Sharma, “Assessment of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Granite Slurry Waste”, International Journal of Engineering-Transactions B: Applications, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 599–605, 2016.
6
7. Sharma, S. Kant Ransinchung, G D R NKumar and A. P.Roy,Kumar, “Comparison of Permeability and Drying Shrinkage of Self Compacting Concrete Admixed with Wollastonite Micro Fiber and Fly Ash”, International Journal of Engineering-Transactions B: Applications, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1681–1690, 2017.
7
8. J. Y. Y. D. B. Zhang, Y. Zhang, T. Cheng, “New Analytic Method for Subgrade Settlement Calculation of the New Cement Fly ash Grave Pile slab Structure”, International Journal of Engineering-Transactions A: Basics, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1364–1371, 2016.
8
9. B. Savija and E. Schlangen, “Autogeneous healing and chloride ingress in cracked concrete,” Heron, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 15–32, 2016.
9
10. H.E.J.G. Schlangen, H.M. Jonkers, S. Qian, and A. Garcia, “Recent advances on self healing of concrete”, In Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures- Recent Advances in Fracture Mechanics of Concrete, 2010, no. 1, pp. 291–298.
10
11. Bureau of Indian Standard, “Indian Standard Method of Physical Test for Hydraulic Cement,” IS 4031( Part 10), pp. 1–9, 1988.
11
12. Bureau of Indian Standard, “Concrete Mix Proportioning- Guidelines,” IS:12062, pp. 1–21, 2009.
12
13. Bureau of Indian Standard, “Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete Methods of Test,” IS 13311 (PART 1), pp. 1–14, 1992.
13
14. C. S. C. Sreenivasulu, J. Guru Jawahar, “Predicting compressive strength of geopolymer concrete using NDT techniques”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 513–525, 2018.
14
15. V. N. Kanthe, S. V Deo, and M. Murmu, “Effect of fly ash and rice husk ash on strength and durability of binary and ternary blend cement mortar,” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 963–970, 2018.
15
16. B. Rath, S. Deo, and G. Ramtekkar, “Durable Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Supplimentary Cementitious Materials”, International Journal of Engineering-Transactions A: Basics, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 964–971, 2017.
16
17. ASTM C1202, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration”, American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM), pp. 1–8, 2012.
17
18. ASTM CI 222R-0, “Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion,” American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM), pp. 1–41.
18
19. V. Kanthe, S. Deo, and M. Murmu, “Combine Use of Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash in Concrete to Improve its Properties”, International Journal of Engineering-Transactions A: Basics, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1012–1019, 2018.
19
20. M. D. Yang, Yingzi Lepech and V. C. Yang, En-hua Li, “Cement and Concrete Research Autogenous healing of engineered cementitious composites under wet – dry cycles”, Cement and Concrete Research., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 382–390, 2009.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Secure Environment via Prediction of Software Vulnerabilities-Severity
Prediction of software vulnerabilities-severity is of particular importance. Its most important application is that managers can first deal with the most dangerous vulnerabilities when they have limited resources. This research shows how we can use the former patterns of software vulnerabilities-severity along with machine learning methods to predict the vulnerabilities severity of that software in the future. In this regard, we used the SVM, Decision Trees (DT), Random Forests (RF), K Nearest Neighbors (KNN), bagging and AdaBoost algorithms along with the already reported vulnerabilities of Google Android applications, Apple Safari and the Flash Player. The experimental results showed that the Bagging algorithm can predict Google Android vulnerability with accuracy of 78.21% and f1-measure equal to 77%, the vulnerability of the Flash Player software with accuracy of 82.37% and f1-measure equal to 87.73% and predict the vulnerability severity of the Apple Safari with accuracy of 70.58% and f1-measure equal to 70%. The novelty of this research is introduction of a new method for prediction of software vulnerabilities severity.
https://www.ijee.net/article_90085_4b1d364b485996824ed840afab7c1b59.pdf
2019-06-01
159
164
10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.14
Machine Learning
Pattern Recognition
prediction
Vulnerability Severity
E. S.
Aghaee Meybodi
encyah2005@gmail.com
1
Computer Engineering Group, Engineering Campus, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Ghasemzadeh
m.ghasemzadeh@yazd.ac.ir
2
Computer Engineering Group, Engineering Campus, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yuan, Xiaoyong, et al. “Adversarial Examples: Attacks and Defenses for Deep Learning.” IEEE Transactions on Neural Network,, 2019, pp. 1–20..
1
M. Tajamolian, and M. Ghasemzadeh. “A Versioning Approach to VM Live Migration.” International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications, vol. 31, no. 11, 2018, pp. 1838–1845.
2
O. H. Alhazmi and Y. K. Malaiya, ‘Prediction capabilities of vulnerability discovery models’, in RAMS ’06. Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 2006. 2006, pp. 86–91.
3
S. Rahimi and M. Zargham, ‘Vulnerability Scrying Method for Software Vulnerability Discovery Prediction Without a Vulnerability Database’, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 395–407, 2013.
4
R. Scandariato, J. Walden, A. Hovsepyan, and W. Joosen, ‘Predicting vulnerable software components via text mining’, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2014.
5
Y. Shin and L. Williams, ‘An empirical model to predict security vulnerabilities using code complexity metrics’, Proceedings of the Second ACM-IEEE international symposium on Empirical software engineering and measurement - ESEM ’08, 2008
6
Y. Shin and L. Williams, ‘Is Complexity Really the Enemy of Software Security’,, Proc. the 4th ACM Workshop on Quality of Protection, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, Oct. 2008.
7
Y. Shin, A. Meneely, L. Williams, and J. A. Osborne, ‘Evaluating complexity, code churn, and developer activity metrics as indicators of software vulnerabilities’, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2011.
8
Y. Shin and L. Williams, ‘Can traditional fault prediction models be used for vulnerability prediction?’, Empirical Software Engineering, 2013.
9
E. Rescorla, ‘Is finding security holes a good idea?’, IEEE Security and Privacy. 2005
10
R. Scandariato and J. Walden, ‘Predicting vulnerable classes in an Android application’, Proceedings of the 4th international workshop on Security measurements and metrics - MetriSec ’12, 2012.
11
V. H. Nguyen and L. M. S. Tran, ‘Predicting vulnerable software components with dependency graphs’, Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Security Measurements and Metrics - MetriSec ’10, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 3–10, 2010.
12
C. Nie, X. Zhao, K. Chen, and Z. Han, ‘An software vulnerability number prediction model based on micro-parameters’, Jisuanji Yanjiu yu Fazhan/Computer Research and Development, 2011.
13
J. D. Musa and K. Okumoto, ‘A logarithmic poisson execution time model for software reliability measurement’, in Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Software engineering, 1984, pp. 81–87.
14
R. Anderson, ‘Security in Open versus Closed Systems - The Dance of Boltzmann, Coase and Moore’, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 121–127, 2002.
15
Geng, Jinkun, Daren Ye, and Ping Luo. 2015. “Forecasting Severity of Software Vulnerability Using Grey Model GM(1,1).” In 2015 IEEE Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), 344–48.
16
U.S Department of commerce, “NVD. National Vulnerability Database.“ [Online]. Available at: https://nvd.nist.gov/. [Accessed: 106-May-2019].
17
Ian H Witten, and Frank Eibe. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools with Java Implementations. 1999.
18