Energy
N. Momen; H. Pahlavanzadeh
Abstract
Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence ...
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Nowadays, due to environmental concerns and the reduction in fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is being considered as a renewable alternative or supplement to fossil diesel. In this research, the transesterification method was used to produce biodiesel from low-cost and non-edible linseed oil in the presence of commercial calcium oxide as the catalyst. In addition, the time-consuming and costly calcination step was omitted and a deep eutectic co-solvent of choline chloride/glycerol (2:1) was used to activate the catalyst. The catalyst characterization was studied using X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). To ensure the formation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), the purity of FAME in the produced biodiesel was calculated using gas chromatography method. Then, the effect of two reaction parameters of the catalyst and the DES concentration on the FAME purity was investigated at a constant temperature of 65 °C, stirring speed of 500 rpm, reaction time of 180 minutes and the methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.5:1. Finally, the optimal catalyst and the DES concentration were obtained as 10% and 14%, respectively. The effect of temperature and time on the FAME purity was investigated and a kinetic study of the reaction suggested a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant of 0.0311 at 65 °C and activation energy of 22.45 kJ/mol.
R. Farzandi; H. Nayebzadeh; M. Hokmabadi; N. Saghatoleslami
Abstract
The effect of cultivation culture on the biodiesel yield produced from in-situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was assessed. Firstly, the algae were cultivated in Moh202, sterilized wastewater (SW), unsterilized wastewater (USW) mediums. It was found that around ten days were suitable ...
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The effect of cultivation culture on the biodiesel yield produced from in-situ transesterification of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae was assessed. Firstly, the algae were cultivated in Moh202, sterilized wastewater (SW), unsterilized wastewater (USW) mediums. It was found that around ten days were suitable to receive maximized growth of microalgae; while, maximum and minimum growth was detected in Moh202 and SW media. Before assessment, the effect of cultivation medium on the biodiesel content, the transesterification reaction conditions such as catalyst (NaOH) concentration, reaction time and amount of methanol were investigated by algae cultivated in Moh202 medium via fractional factorial design as statistical methodology. In the range of the study, catalyst concentration and reaction time were the most important effective parameters on the biodiesel yield. Moreover, the interaction between reaction time with catalyst concentration and amount of methanol was also important. In short reaction time and its interaction with catalyst concentration had positive effect, while catalyst concentration, amount of methanol and interaction of reaction time and amount of methanol had negative impact on the biodiesel yield. The yields of the algae cultivated in Moh202, sterilized and unsterilized wastewater media at the optimum conditions of 1 wt.% of catalyst, 9 mL methanol/g biomass and reaction time of 4 hours were 95.5%, 83.9% and 75.5%, respectively. Although the difference between biodiesel yields of Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae cultivated in the wastewater medium compared to sterilized wastewater medium was observed, wastewater can be used as a medium for cultivation of algae for biodiesel production to reduce the biodiesel production costs.
S. Jaikumar; S. K. Bhatti; V. Srinivas; S. B. Padal; D. Chandravathi
Abstract
This study is projected to regard as characteristics related to the viability of the preparation of methyl ester from Mesua ferrea oil through transesterification using Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and Tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4). Na3PO4 and K3PO4 have high catalytic properties intended for the reaction ...
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This study is projected to regard as characteristics related to the viability of the preparation of methyl ester from Mesua ferrea oil through transesterification using Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and Tripotassium phosphate (K3PO4). Na3PO4 and K3PO4 have high catalytic properties intended for the reaction of transesterification and cost-effective compared to other catalysts. The transesterification process was undergone at diverse operating constraints such as methanol to oil molar ratio (4:1 to 12:1), catalyst concentration (0.75 to 1.75%), and reaction temperature (55-70oC). The duration of transesterification was fixed at 60 min. The maximum yield was obtained at a molar ratio of 8:1 and a catalyst concentration of 1.25% at a reaction temperature of 65oC for the duration of one hour. The yield of Mesua ferrea oil methyl ester (MFOME) with K3PO4 catalyst has specified more compared to Na3PO4. Further, the MFOME was analyzed for physic-chemical properties and all the properties were found to be matched with ASTM standards. Particularly, the superior cetane number was achieved with MFOME. The biodiesel yield of RSM predicted values using both catalysts were well correlated with experimental results.
T. O. Salawudeen; K. K. Salam; A. O. Arinkoola; E. O. Dada; O. O. Oniya; I. Adewale
Abstract
Utilization of locally sourced materials promote raw materials Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with ethanol in the presence of non-synthetic heterogeneous catalyst (combination of KOH/metaKaolin). The process parameters investigated are catalyst (1-6 g), ethanol ...
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Utilization of locally sourced materials promote raw materials Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with ethanol in the presence of non-synthetic heterogeneous catalyst (combination of KOH/metaKaolin). The process parameters investigated are catalyst (1-6 g), ethanol (10-25 wt% ethanol/%wt PKO), reaction temperature (30-120 oC) and reaction time, (60-100 min). These parameters were considered for optimization using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (CCD) for yield of biodiesel produced. The optimum yield of biodiesel of 96.00% was obtained using the optimized numerical values of 17.50% ethanol (by mass of PKO) and 3.50 g catalyst at 75.00 oC for 80.00 min. The viscosity (4.84 mm2/s), specific gravity (0.86), pour point (+5.00 oC), flash point (178.00 oC), and cloud point (+8.00 oC) of the biodiesel obtained at optimum condition compared favorably with ASTM standards. It was inferred from the research that biodiesel with suitable fuel properties can be produced from PKO using non-synthetic KOH impregnated on Kaolin with ethanol extracted from agricultural based raw materials.
M. Mohammadpour; G. D. Najafpour; M. Rahimnejad; M. Kiakojouri
Abstract
In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite catalyst was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite ...
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In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite catalyst was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite was used in transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in abatch catalytic process.In transesterification of rapeseed oil, the catalyticactivities of HZSM5, NaZSM5, KZSM5 were considered. The prepared catalysts were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and also the surface image was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting on biodiesel yield at optimum reaction conditions were investigated. The maximum yield was achieved with 8wt% of NaOH loaded on HZSM5 at reaction temperature of 65˚C, reaction time of 12 hours and catalyst/oil mass ratio of 9. Also the yield of CaO loaded with impregnation at high temperature was more desired than CaO loaded with microwave. Meanwhile the catalytic activity of HZSM5, NaZSM5 and KZSM5 was nearly zero; and the catalytic activity of modified zeolite was HZSM5>NaZSM5>KZSM5 subsequently.
K. Ganesh Babu; A. Veeresh Babu; K. Madhu Murthy
Abstract
The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, ...
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The present biggest challenging task in front of the world is to search new energy source. Apart from the all energy sources, biodiesel was the only dominant alternate energy to accomplish the fossil-fuel demand in the transport sector which consist a diesel engine. Biodiesel production from edible, inedible feed stocks causes food versus fuel and greenhouse-gas emissions' problem. It is observed that yields of edible, inedible oils and animal fats are very less compared to third-generation feedstock like Algae: It is one of the fastest growing organisms. It is environmentally friendly because it captures Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the environment to grow. According to the Indian scenario, this is the right time to fix attention on algae biodiesel, to meet the fossil-fuel demand. The higher heating value of biodiesel is slightly lesser than that of diesel, but higher than coal. Biodiesel combusts same like diesel fuel, concerns regulate emissions, and doubtlessly better efficiency than diesel fuel. Algae biodiesel has good physicochemical properties than others. This paper reviews the comparison of yield, fatty acid composition of oil, presently available methods to convert algae into biodiesel and its effect on Direct and Indirect injection diesel engines. Literature reveals that a reduction in exhaust emissions with slight compromise in performances are possible with the usage algae as a biodiesel.
M. A. Olutoye; O. D. Adeniyi; A. S. Yusuff
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of ...
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The synthesis and characterization of clay-eggshell mixed catalysts was carried out for the transesterification of palm kernel oil using methanol as solvent. Clay from anthill and waste chicken eggshells were powdered and mixed via incipient wet impregnation in 50-50, 80-20 and 20-80% proportions of clay to eggshell on mass basis. The resulting mixtures were oven dried at 120 0C and calcined in the furnance at 900 0C for 4 hours. The uncalcined raw clay sample was characterized via the X-ray fluorescence method while the as-synthesized catalyst samples were characterized via the Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The performance of the as-synthesized catalysts was tested in transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) via a 2 level factorial experimental design optimizing four variables including reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst loading in which case the yield was the required response. The 50-50 catalyst attained a maximum yield of 56.2% at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 5 wt.% compared to the 65.2% achieved with the 80-20 catalyst at 90 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min., catalyst loading of 5 wt% and the 70.7% obtained for the 20-80 catalyst at 70 0C, methanol/oil ratio of 12:1, reaction time of 180 min, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, thus, indicating mixed effect of variables as fully discussed. The developed catalysts were found to be good for biodiesel production and have the ability of improved performance.
