Chemical Engineering
M. Benali
Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation of biogas production from cow dung as an alternative for fossil fuels for energy consumption. This was carried out using an 18 Liters capacity plastic keg prototype biogas plant, constructed to investigate the anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas. ...
Read More
This paper presents the experimental investigation of biogas production from cow dung as an alternative for fossil fuels for energy consumption. This was carried out using an 18 Liters capacity plastic keg prototype biogas plant, constructed to investigate the anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas. Batch experiment was operated and daily gas yield from the plant was monitored for duration of 30 days. The digester was charged with these wastes in the ratio of 1:1, of waste to water, respectively. The mesophilic temperature ranges attained within the testing period were 20 – 35 °C. The Biogas production from cow dung fluctuates from the first day to the thirtieth day between 0 and 340 ml. The pH of cow dung gradually reduced due to acid former and methanogenes within the 30 days retention period.
G. Boligán Rojas; R. Lorenzo Ávila Rondon; A. Carolina Meléndez Gurrola
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess theoretical and practical analysis of scientific publications on solar desalination. This analysis is proposed within mechanical design theory framework. For this, inductive and statistical methods were used in analysis of the scientific publications of different ...
Read More
The aim of the present study is to assess theoretical and practical analysis of scientific publications on solar desalination. This analysis is proposed within mechanical design theory framework. For this, inductive and statistical methods were used in analysis of the scientific publications of different specialties that deal with the design process of solar desalination. With the use of the mentioned methods a tendency was obtained that justifies applying the study results to this type of devices of the approaches of the theory of the mechanical design analyzed. Statistical analysis is conducted for the above assessment not only analytically but quantitatively. This gives responses to problems currently posed by different authors related to the possibility of linking several disciplines used today in isolation for the application of mechanical design theory to this type of solar desalination.
A. Harlina; M. Maheera; I. Norli
Abstract
This batch study focuses on suitability of laterite soil-pressmud as daily soil cover of landfill. The laterite soil samples were mixed with waste from sugar refinery process, namely pressmud at different percentages of weight ratio (10, 30 and 50%). The batch equilibrium tests were carried out ...
Read More
This batch study focuses on suitability of laterite soil-pressmud as daily soil cover of landfill. The laterite soil samples were mixed with waste from sugar refinery process, namely pressmud at different percentages of weight ratio (10, 30 and 50%). The batch equilibrium tests were carried out and glaringly showed that the laterite soil-pressmud mixtures have the capability to remove more than 62% of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentration in leachate. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of heavy metals from leachate in the laterite soil alone was lower than 50%. Pressmud alone however showed more than 53% removal. The laterite soil-pressmud mixtures, particularly at 30 and 50 percent of pressmud signify great potential as daily soil cover in reduction of heavy metals migration in landfill leachate.
S. O. Ayoola; G. T. Olorunsanmi; A. O. Oke
Abstract
Industrial waste discharge has increased the hazard of water pollution. The total hydrocarbon content and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Sarotherodon melanotheron at Atlas cove area and at Okobaba end of Lagoon Lagos were assessed between November, 2014 and January, 2015. The physicochemical parameters ...
Read More
Industrial waste discharge has increased the hazard of water pollution. The total hydrocarbon content and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Sarotherodon melanotheron at Atlas cove area and at Okobaba end of Lagoon Lagos were assessed between November, 2014 and January, 2015. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to APHA-AWWA-WEF and heavy metals in the fish species were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) in the fish samples were analysed by using Soxhlet extraction gravimetric methods. The heavy metal values evaluated are Fe, Cr, Pb, Ni and Cu. The concentration of Iron (Fe) in Sarotherodon melanotheron was 72.72 ± 125.95mg/kg, Chromium (Cr)- 10.29 ± 4.61mg/kg; Lead (Pb)- 1.08 ± 0.23mg/kg; Nickel (Ni)- 0.39 ± 0.26mg/kg; and Copper (Cu)- 0.20 ± 0.26mg/kg at Atlas cove area while at Okobaba the concentration were;Fe-115.98±87,Cr-5.25±1.02,Pb-2.04±1.50,Ni-0.78±0.08,and Cu is 0.36±0.15mg/kg. The levels of accumulation of all the heavy metals in Sarotherodon melanotheron were above the WHO permissible limits. The concentration of n- alkanes in Sarotherodon melanotheron at Atlas cove was 164.69 ± 97.04µg/g, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was 73.58 ± 72.48µg/g, and total petroleum hydrocarbon was 526.67 ± 214.34µg/g. The average intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon through fish consumption at Atlas cove area was estimated to be 5039.94 ± 49.2mg/kg; body weight/day. The mean concentration of n-alkanes hydrocarbon in Sarotherodon melanotheron at Okobaba was 152.62±54.11µg/g, the PolycyclicAromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) was 74.4±50.30 µg/g.The carcinogenic high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) were of higher concentrations than the lower molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (LMW-PAH). Therefore, Atlas cove area is more exposed to carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of the studied fish than Okobaba end of Lagos Lagoon. This indicates significant carcinogenic health risks associated with the consumption of black jaw Tilapia fish caught from the study areas.
H. R. Ghazvinloo
Abstract
Due to high joint efficiency, welding is widely used to join materials. Today, there are many types of welding procedures in different manufacturing industries. Among welding procedures, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is a versatile process due to its high flexibility. In this process, arc voltage, welding ...
Read More
Due to high joint efficiency, welding is widely used to join materials. Today, there are many types of welding procedures in different manufacturing industries. Among welding procedures, Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is a versatile process due to its high flexibility. In this process, arc voltage, welding current, and welding speed are the main variables which can strongly affect the mechanical properties of the weld metal. Based on the available literature, many research works have been conducted on the GMAW process but there is still little experimental research on impact energy of the weld metal specifically in medium-carbon steels. Impact energy of the weld metal is extremely important particulary for the structures subjected to impact loads. Hence, the present paper is conducted to reveal the effect of GMAW variables on impact energy of the weld metal in CK45 carbon steel. The results of this paper indicated that the heat input value and weld bead size in different welding conditions are main factors which affect the impact energy of the weld metal.
S. A. Gandjalikhan Nassab; M. Moein Addini
Abstract
A new idea is presented in this paper for improving the performance of solar air heater (SAH) designed for space heating by employing a thin flexible guide winglet. In addition to the role of winglet in pushing the convective airflow toward the heated surface, it behaves as a vortex generator (VG) due ...
Read More
A new idea is presented in this paper for improving the performance of solar air heater (SAH) designed for space heating by employing a thin flexible guide winglet. In addition to the role of winglet in pushing the convective airflow toward the heated surface, it behaves as a vortex generator (VG) due to its vibration by fluid-solid interaction (FSI) that causes flow mixing and breaking thermal boundary layer. In flow simulation, the finite element method (FEM) is employed with considering a two-way strongly-coupled FSI approach at transient condition. Numerical solution of the governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy for convective flow and the equation of motion for VG are obtained by COMSOL multi-physics. The well-known model is employed for computation of turbulent stress and heat flux. The present numerical results are validated against the most recent relevant literature. To provide a clear and deep understanding of the proposed concept, extensive comparisons are made between different test cases. Results reveal considerable performance enhancement of SAH with elastic guide winglet compared with clean solar air heater (CSAH), such that 56% increase in the natural airflow rate and 9% decrease in the average absorber temperature is seen because of the flapping winglet. But, the air outlet temperature decreases about 14% due to flapping VG. This study aims to make the proposed SAH as an essential renewable thermal-solar system more efficient and attractive so that this improvement pushes the industrial society toward more sustainable infrastructure.
Environment
M. O. Ezugwu; F. O. Akhimien; Z. Y. Hamza
Abstract
Characterization and quantification of solid waste in Equity girls hostel blocks, Igbinedion University Okada was carried out to provide data for waste management strategy in the University. The waste survey was done for 3 months by collecting generated wastes from various rooms on a daily basis excluding ...
Read More
Characterization and quantification of solid waste in Equity girls hostel blocks, Igbinedion University Okada was carried out to provide data for waste management strategy in the University. The waste survey was done for 3 months by collecting generated wastes from various rooms on a daily basis excluding Sundays. The collected wastes were segregated and sorted into their various constituents and weighed using an automatic weighing scale. Waste per capita per head was also determined by estimating the total number of students/population in the study area. Identified wastes constituents were plastics, paper, glass, bottles, organic wastes, etc. The total amount of waste recorded was 1605.65kg for 3 months. Organic wastes recorded the highest amount of wastes generated with a total of 304.542kg (19%) followed by glass/bottles recorded as 250.993kg (16%). Waste per capita per day was estimated as 0.045kg. From the wastes stream, some wastes were identified as reusable and recyclable which can generate income for the university when properly handled and it will indirectly aid in decreasing the volume and amount of wastes to be disposed. Organic wastes have been identified to constitute the highest amount of waste in the waste stream. These organic wastes are degradable and can be utilized for crop production and agricultural purposes which invariably contribute to waste stream reduction. Adopting efficient waste mangement strategy will create wealth, reduce pollution and demand on raw materials, and provide a greener environment.
J. Stenis; W. Hogland
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative method to enhance transportation of cargo applied on the ‘New Silk Road’. Allocation of shadow costs gives economic incentives to improve the Eurasian communications by employing the equality principle and the model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal ...
Read More
This paper presents an innovative method to enhance transportation of cargo applied on the ‘New Silk Road’. Allocation of shadow costs gives economic incentives to improve the Eurasian communications by employing the equality principle and the model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE). The profitability increase, the technology is advanced, the environment and the living conditions improve. A single monetary key factor expresses aspects of interest and enables simultaneous monitoring, managing and evaluation. The method constitutes decision support tools for long-distance transportation at higher policy analysis organizational levels. The results of the case study point at usefulness for the launched methodology to reduce the spillages and losses when transporting cargo by truck along major transport routes. Peace and prosperity are promoted. The major benefits would be higher profits and less residuals.
B. Sobhani; V. Safarian Zengir; M. K. Kianian
Abstract
The drought phenomenon is not specific to the region and it affects different parts of the world. One of these areas is Iran in Southwest Asia, which suffered from this phenomenon in recent years. The purpose of this study is to model, analyze and predict the drought in Iran. To do this, climatic parameters ...
Read More
The drought phenomenon is not specific to the region and it affects different parts of the world. One of these areas is Iran in Southwest Asia, which suffered from this phenomenon in recent years. The purpose of this study is to model, analyze and predict the drought in Iran. To do this, climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature, sunshine, minimum relative humidity and wind speed) were used at 30 stations in the period of 29 years (1990-2018). For modeling of TIBI fuzzy index, first, four indicators (SET, SPI, SEB, MCZI) were fuzzy in Matlab software. Then the indices were compared and Topsis model were used for prioritizing areas involved with drought. Finally, Anfis adaptive artificial neural network model was used to predict. Results showed that the new fuzzy index TIBI for classifying drought reflected four of the above indicators with high accuracy. Among these five climatic parameters used in this study, the temperature and precipitation parameters had the most influential effect on the fluctuation of drought severity. The severity of drought was more based on a 6-month scale modeling than 12 months. The highest percentage of drought occurrence was at Bandar Abbas station with a value of 24.3 on a 12-month scale and the lowest was in Shahrekord station with a percentage of 0.36% on a six-month scale. Based on Anfis model and TIBI fuzzy index, Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Zahedan stations were more exposed to drought due to the TIBI index of 0.62, 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. According to the results in both 6 and 12 months scale, the southern regions of Iran were more severely affected by drought, which requires suitable water management in these areas.
A. Haghollahi; M. H. Fazaelipoor; M. Schafie
Abstract
This research work demonstrates the feasibility of accelerating bioremediation of a clay soil by supplementing with (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, sucrose (as an inducer for growth) and tween 80. The soil contained 7% residual gasoil. The bioremediation was stimulated by moisture adjustment to 10%, and inoculating ...
Read More
This research work demonstrates the feasibility of accelerating bioremediation of a clay soil by supplementing with (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, sucrose (as an inducer for growth) and tween 80. The soil contained 7% residual gasoil. The bioremediation was stimulated by moisture adjustment to 10%, and inoculating with hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms. (NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4 were added to the soil to obtain soil samples with C:N:P ratios of 100:1.4:1.4, 100:6.4:1.9, 100:11.4:2.4, and 100:21.4:3.4. The C:N:P of 100:11.4:2.4 resulted in more than 78% gasoil removal for duration of two months. Tween 80, in the range of 0-20mL/ (kg soil), was added to the soil samples with C:N:P ratio of 100:1.4:1.4. More than 84% removal was achieved when 10 mL/kg tween 80 was added to the soil. Sucrose, in the range of 0-20 g/(kg soil), was added to the soil samples with the C:N:P ratio of 100:1.4:1.4. For the sucrose level of 20 g/(kg soil), 79% removal was obtained in two months. Additional experiment was also conducted at two porosity levels of 54% and 22%. The removal percentage in the soil with high porosity was almost twice as compared to soil with low porosity.
M. V. Kumar; A. V. Babu; P. R. Kumar; B. Narendra
Abstract
In various countries around the world, the emissions of NOX from petrol/gasoline and diesel engine vehicles are restricted by legislation. NOX is produced in the combustion chamber of engines at high temperatures and high pressure. One of the most promising technology for effective control of NOX emissions ...
Read More
In various countries around the world, the emissions of NOX from petrol/gasoline and diesel engine vehicles are restricted by legislation. NOX is produced in the combustion chamber of engines at high temperatures and high pressure. One of the most promising technology for effective control of NOX emissions is Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and now most modern engines require exhaust gas recirculation to meet emission standards. EGR lowers the presence of oxygen concentration and burn temperature in the combustion chamber and hence controls the NOx. The experimentation was carried out on a 5.2 kW of single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engines in computerized mode to investigate the performance, emissions and combustion parameters at different EGR ratios (10, 20 and 30%). From the results, O2, NOX and exhaust temperatures are found to be reduced whereas HC and CO emissions are increased as the EGR concentration increases.
A. A. Genetie; D. B. Beyene; A. K. Befekadu
Abstract
The main objective of the study is to analysis sustainability of water supply and distribution system of Asossa town. While conducting this research, both primary and secondary data were collected and software such as water GEMSV8i, ArcGIS version10.4.1 and GPS Garmin72 were used. The water supply source ...
Read More
The main objective of the study is to analysis sustainability of water supply and distribution system of Asossa town. While conducting this research, both primary and secondary data were collected and software such as water GEMSV8i, ArcGIS version10.4.1 and GPS Garmin72 were used. The water supply source of the study area yields 46.1 l/s but only 23.6 l/s of water used. The simulated result of extended period simulation showed that the performance of hydraulic parameters were pressure 21.05 % for pressure value 60 m head and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 84.86 % for velocity
I. M. Rafizul; D. Datta
Abstract
Clay soil and their related irregular behavior such as shrinkage, swelling, desiccation cracks etc. are the main concern for the construction of composite clay liner (CCL) in waste landfill site. In this study, an investigation was conducted on a scaled model of prototype landfill liner to quantify both ...
Read More
Clay soil and their related irregular behavior such as shrinkage, swelling, desiccation cracks etc. are the main concern for the construction of composite clay liner (CCL) in waste landfill site. In this study, an investigation was conducted on a scaled model of prototype landfill liner to quantify both the geometrical and morphological characteristics of desiccation crack of CCL. For evaluating its cracking behavior cement, Khoa Brick and fiber were used as additives for two phases of investigation. In this study, for the quantification of geometrical and morphological characteristics of desiccation crack of CCL, both the image-based algorithms on MATLAB and Image J software was performed. To evaluate additives significance on soil, surface crack ratio, average length and width of cracks, number of crack segments, crack density and others related parameters were determined. Results showed significant impact on clayed soil due to presence of various types and percentages of additives. Experiential results depicted that surface crack ratio increases with reducing water content on prototype sample and finally stabilized its propagation. For preparing CCL with clay from selected landfill site of Khulna the optimum content of additives were found 5, 5 and 1.5% for Khoa Brick, cement and polymer fiber, respectively.
S. Shiwakoti
Abstract
This study has simulated climate change impacts on the runoff processes of the Karnali River Basin of Nepal. Estimation of the variation of snowmelt contribution to streamflow in increased temperatures has been done. The semi-distributed HBV rainfall-runoff model has been calibrated using hydro-meteorological ...
Read More
This study has simulated climate change impacts on the runoff processes of the Karnali River Basin of Nepal. Estimation of the variation of snowmelt contribution to streamflow in increased temperatures has been done. The semi-distributed HBV rainfall-runoff model has been calibrated using hydro-meteorological data available from 1986 to 1997. The model simulates runoff based on precipitation, air temperature and potential evapotranspiration. The calibrated model is fed with the climatic projections developed using the PRECIS Regional Climate Model to estimate future (2040s) streamflow. The study indicates that the growing temperatures will generally result in wetter flow regime in the future.
Renewable Energy
M. R. Sheykholeslami; A. Rastgordani; A. Amoochi; A. Jabbari; A. Farahani; F. Shabani; S. Mazdak
Abstract
The ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by piezoelectric materials makes them suitable alternatives to use in energy harvesters. So, the efficiency of a piezoelectric energy harvester is the main limitation. One of the desired approaches to increase efficiency is using a piezoelectric ...
Read More
The ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy by piezoelectric materials makes them suitable alternatives to use in energy harvesters. So, the efficiency of a piezoelectric energy harvester is the main limitation. One of the desired approaches to increase efficiency is using a piezoelectric array in the harvester. In this paper, a numerical method has been used for the comparative study of series and parallel array behavior in different types of input force. The effect of input force type, frequency of input force, and type of array connection on energy harvester efficiency with the proposed design have been investigated. Numerical results have been verified with experiments. Results indicated that a series connection can produce 2.2 times the maximum voltage larger than a parallel connection. Also, they show that the input force shape function is the effective parameter for a piezoelectric energy harvester with an array structure. The results show a similar effect of the input force shape function on the behavior of piezoelectrics in both types of electric connections (parallel or series). In general, it can be seen that the waveform of the output voltage after applying the load with a square function was similar to its function. Also, the change in the parameters of the input force with the sinusoidal function causes a direct change in the same character of the generated voltage waveform.
M. Tamoor; M. Sagir; G. Abbas; M. Ans Zaka; P. ZakaUllah
Abstract
Developing countries like Pakistan are in serious energy crisis. Renewable energy resources are the best alternative for conventional energy sources. The use of indigenous resources to produce bioenergy is an excellent solution to meet the energy needs of developing countries. The aim of the study was ...
Read More
Developing countries like Pakistan are in serious energy crisis. Renewable energy resources are the best alternative for conventional energy sources. The use of indigenous resources to produce bioenergy is an excellent solution to meet the energy needs of developing countries. The aim of the study was to design, construct and production of bioenergy generation from indigenous resources to fulfil bioenergy requirement for electricity, cooking and heating. This research introduces the Best Available Technology (BAT) and bioenergy plant was constructed with local materials at minimum cost to avoid economic burden on bioenergy production cost. An underground bio-digester unit with a volume of 10 cubic meter (7 m3 bioenergy digester tank plus 3 m3 bioenergy gas cap/holder) has been installed. The daily feed was approximately 160 kilogram of cow slurry (80 kg cow dung plus 80 litres/kg water). The retention period was approximately 44 days and the reported seasonal temperature was approximately 24˚C - 32˚C. The unit was thermally insulated, so the fluctuation in temperature was slightly about ±2˚C. In experimental setup, indigenous biomass resources were mixed with water in a mixing chamber. Whole mixture enters into digester through the inlet pipe and regularly feed up to selected retention time. Anaerobic bacteria decompose the biomass in the digester and produce bioenergy. A simulation was performed to estimate relevant model parameters from experimental data. The proposed model can predict methane production behaviour from some key indicators (such as organic matter and VFAs) in the anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained from the experiment showed that the plant could generate average volume of 3.18 m3 of bioenergy biogas at average pressure of 170 mbar in a day. Results also revealed that the rate of bioenergy generation increase with respect to time from 33 to 44 days of retention time, the pressure of bioenergy generated increase from 35 mbar to 175 mbar. From the results, it was observable that the more the pressure in the chamber, the more the volume of bioenergy generated; thus, at 175 mbars, it produced maximum volume of 3.2 m3 of bioenergy.
R. Lak; A. Haghighiasl; S.J. Safdari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2010
V. Lalitha; K.A. Raveesha; B. Kiran
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2010
G. Venkata Subbaiah; K. Raja Gopal; Syed Altaf Hussain
Volume 1, Issue 3 , July 2010
K. Varunprasath; Nicholas A. Daniel
Volume 1, Issue 4 , October 2010
E.U. Onweremadu; J.U. Amaechi; B.N. Ndukwu
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2011
Volume 2, Issue 2 , April 2011
Hamideh Radnia; Ali Asghar Ghoreyshi; Habibollah Younesi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , July 2011
Roya Pishgar; Ghasem Najafpour; Bahram Navayi Neya; Nafise Mousavi; Zeinab Bakhshi
Volume 2, Issue 4 , October 2011
Gholamreza Abdollahzadeh; Amirhosein Maleki Kambakhsh
Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2012
